Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1897. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-159). Also available in digital form on the Internet Archive Web site.

The thesis is divided into three parts relating to (i) the sedimentary rocks, (ii) the granite and minor intrusive rocks and (iii) the Fleet orefield. The Sedimentary successions around the Cairnsmore of Fleet pluton are divided into two new formations; the Craignell and Knockeans Formations. The former is sub-divided into three facies based upon a geochemical classification of greywackes undertaken using cluster analysis. Facies boundaries within the Craignell Formation and interformational boundaries between this formation and the underlying Moffat Shales and the younger Knockeans Formation are all probably diachronous. Tectonically derived structures within the sedimentary rocks are correlated with those reported from areas elsewhere within the Southern Uplands. Certain structures are, however, unique to this area and some may be related to the emplacement of the Fleet pluton. Mineralogical zones within the extensive thermal aureole surrounding, the granite are described and correlated with previously published facies of contact metamorphism: albite-epidote hornfels, hornblende hornfels and K-feldspar-cordierite hornfels facies. Petrological facies within the granite are described and the classification thus produced endorsed geochemically with the aid of cluster analysis. Chemical trends in separated minerals, are correlated with bulk chemical variation in the granite which is outlined using correlation, regression and trend surface analyses. Geo-chemical and petrological data are compared with published experimental mineralogical studies. Minor intrusive rocks are similar in composition to those occurring throughout Galloway with two notable exceptions of more basic composition. The chemistry of the minor of the Fleet pluton are described the western margin to the Fleet pluton are described in detail for the first time. A distinct mineralogical zoning pattern is spatially related to the granite and consists of an inner zone within the pluton and generally close to the contact in the country rocks, containing dominant chalco-pyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and high temperature ores such as pentlandite and arsenopyrite with a quartzose gangue. Outer zones contain veins of sphalerite and mixed carbonate and quartz gangue, and give way to an outermost zone of galena with carbonate and barytes gangue. Geochemical studies on separated ore minerals has enabled the distinction of ores from particular zones and give an indication of their relative temperatures of formation. Wallrock alteration is described and is generally consistent in its characteristics with the changing mineralogy of the vein deposits. The ore deposits are related to the geophysically predicted granite batholith beneath the Southern Uplands, but more specifically to the Fleet pluton. The mineralogy and geochemistry of the deposits are consistent with this, but geochronological studies from other areas suggest that the ores may be at least 40 my younger than the granite. A hypothesis for the origin of the hydrothermal deposits is presented and is based upon data outlined above.

The officials of St Andrews exercised in contested disputes a jurisdiction delegated by the bishop in his role as 'ordinary'; it was an authority co-extensive with that of the bishop but excluded the ordinary's jurisdiction in correctional matters, which was delegated to other officers. Officials appeared in most Scottish dioceses during the course of the thirteenth century, and by their specialist skills soon acquired the responsibility in jurisdiction that had formerly pertained either to groups of clergy acting collectively, or to other episcopal officers such as the archdeacon. The venue of the official's work developed from the meetings of chapters to more comprehensive consistories, and finally to an established court with regular sessions. By the sixteenth century these courts were professionally staffed: the procurator fiscal had an important role in both advocacy and prosecution, while skilled procurators were available to represent clients in court. Court procedure could be highly complex, but in addition to the multiple stages of plenary procedure there were also forms of summary process which offered cheaper and more immediate settlements of disputes. Actions concerning the church or its priests were common, but the courts dealt more with the recovery of private debts, the settlement of testamentary matters and the regulation of contracts; the registration of acts of monition was also an important service to the minor financial transactions of the community. The officials and procurators were closely involved in the operation of the civil courts, and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction clearly represented an integral part of the national judicial system. The church courts were not, however, immune to criticism. In addition to acts of public violence the church lawyers faced much criticism of the delays and expense of their system. Certainly plenary procedure discriminated in favour of the wealthier suitors, but there were short forms of judicial process available, and there is no sign of regular appeals to Rome. Remaining relatively unmoved in times of national crisis, the church courts played an important role in the social and commercial affairs of ordinary people in sixteenth-century Scotland, and show no sign of decline less than a decade before the Reformation. Much of the system, both in practice and personnel, survived the religious revolution intact and played an influential part in the subsequent development of Scots Law.

Recent changes in church and society have challenged the traditional ministry pattern of one-minister-one-parish. An arrangement which is being offered with increasing frequency as a possible alternative is team ministry, in which more than one minister - or ministers and (usually) full-time lay people - share in ministry to a congregation or group of congregations. Taking as starting-point a team ministry established in Craigmillar, Edinburgh, by the Presbytery of Edinburgh in 1970, the thesis explores the possibilities and problems inherent in this pattern of ministry. After an analysis of the situation which has brought about an increase in team work in Scotland and England, as well as in the Uniting Church in Australia, a detailed description is offered of the team based principally on two Church of Scotland congregations in Craigmillar, a housing estate to the south-east of Edinburgh. A comparison is then made with other corporate ministries in Scotland in existence at about the same time - in Greenock, Livingston, Drumchapel, Paisley and in the Gorbals area of Glasgow. The discussion about team ministry is then widened by an account of proposals made by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland's "Committee of Forty" (1971-78) of which the author was a member, and by a survey of reports, consultations and published literature relevant to the topic. In the light of this, team ministry is now explored under five headings - the potentially stronger role of the team in equipping and leading the congregation as well as attendant problems; advantages of team ministry in bringing the congregation and the wider community more effectively face to face; matters relating to the health of the team, including the questions of accountability and leadership; and forms of education which will better prepare ministers and others to work together in a team.

In Scottish Presbyterianism the period from 1796 to 184 3 was a transitional era of Evangelical ascendancy over Moderatism. Within that period, certain parishes had brief periods of evangelistic activities called 'revivals'. These movements were centered in services of public worship. The purpose of this thesis is to examine public worship during the era as a means of evangelism and to discern the processes by which the revivals took place. Public worship in Scotland during the eighteenth century has been commonly characterized as very ineffective, even barren. In both Moderate and Evangelical kirks, public worship was a preaching service with certain acts of devotion, but without a liturgy. From 1796 to 1843, public worship generally followed the traditions of the past, including the annual sacramental season. Although there were some stirrings toward a future renascence of worship, in such areas as published aids-to-worship, instrumental music, the singing of para-phrases and hymns, and more frequent Communion services, public worship continued to be a preaching service. Yet, in a few parishes, a season of revival did take place primarily within traditional, "weak" worship. The most unusual revival during the period of this study was the preaching tours by lay-preachers. Originated by J. A. Haldane, John Aikman, and Joseph Rate, this movement began as a plan for establishing religious schools in Highland parishes, and became an evangelistic organization called 'The Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home'. This organization not only was instrumental in brief awakenings in some parishes but also fostered certain discord in the state of religion in Scotland which resulted in official acts in Presbyterianism against lay-preaching. The S.P.G.H. ended in dissension from within in 1808. Even so, the evangelistic work of the S.P.G.H. did provide some notable revivals and a portion of the background for the revivals at Arran and Skye. Other revivals during the early nineteenth century were in parishes in the following places: Moulin (1796-1802), Arran (1812-13), Skye (1812-14), and Kilsyth (1839). The Kilsyth revival was the origin of a movement that spread to many other parishes in Scotland through 1841. Revival leaders were local parish ministers, with the exception of the Kilsyth movement which was led by a licentiate preacher, W. C. Burns, along with various local ministers. The revivals were centered in public worship services and prayer meetings. Sacramental seasons had no uniform place in each movement. Extemporaneous preaching within the general context of the traditional order of worship was the chief agent of awakenings. Generally, each brief season of revival also included a period of preparation characterised by expectation, a noticeable element of emotionalism, and results that were observable among certain individual lives more than those effecting parish life. The theology in the revivals was a portion of the Calvinism of the time which was directed at personal salvation. Conviction of total depravity, the covenant of grace which had conditional overtones, and limited atonement were the central doctrines of the theology in the revivals. The many detailed events in each revival parish gave each story an individuality apart from the other seasons of revival. And similarities noted among the various revivals did not uniquely distinguish them from many other contemporary parishes. Thus, in addition to that which can be discerned from the revivals of religion and their relation to public worship, the Church is reminded of her dependence upon the mysteries of God.

This thesis investigates the potential of the bivalve Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767) from fjordic sites in NW Scotland for reconstructing past marine environmental /climatic variability. Using dendrochronological and sclerochronological techniques, six master chronologies were created which when compared show little common variability between the sites, indicating no common response to regional scale forcing. The chronologies were compared to local and regional scale SST and land based datasets, with no significant, time stable responses to climate found. It is clear the growth/climate response of A. islandica from these sites is complex, potentially due to the shallow nature of the sample sites, direct local drivers such as food availability and, potentially, anthropogenic activity in the region. Geochemical analyses of the shell material were undertaken to examine the timing and magnitude of the radiocarbon bomb-peak and the stable carbon isotope signature of the oceanic Suess Effect. The timing of the radiocarbon bomb-peak in Loch Etive does not appear to match previously published results from other marine locations and are a potentially serious challenge to the assumption that A. islandica GI are always annual features. Results comparing δ¹³C values and the age of the specimen when these values are incorporated into the shell material strongly indicate an ontogenetic control over δ¹³C, meaning the Suess Effect could not be effectively investigated. To take these ontogenetic influences into account it is suggested that any data from the juvenile period of shell life is not used. Analysis of shell biometrics and morphology indicate significant relationships between shell age and height and age and weight, however the errors for these are large (±78 years and ±80 years respectively). These results indicate that despite large errors shell height, as a predictor of age, has the potential to be used for in situ population studies.

The Local Government in Scotland Act (2003) introduced Community Planning as a statutory responsibility in Scotland. The main aims of community planning are described as “making sure people and communities are genuinely engaged in the decisions made on public services which affect them; allied to a commitment from organisations to work together, not apart, in providing better public services” (Scottish Executive, 2003a). For the police, this implied the need to create ‘local solutions to locally identified concerns’ (Strathclyde Police, 2004, p2) and to adopt a holistic approach to community safety which is problem oriented rather than organisation led (Crawford, 1998, p10). The specific and often local nature of problems put forward by communities, is therefore allocated a dominant role in determining the nature of the solution (Goldstein, 1990). This thesis has explored the implementation of community planning and associated community safety policies within a case study area of the former Strathclyde Police. The processes of partnership working and community engagement were found to be central to this approach. Meta- bureaucracy has been used to describe the partnerships activities and linkage to national outcomes presented in this thesis. That is to say, partnership working in this research does not represent a clear growth of ‘autonomous’ networks and governance arrangements as set out by Rhodes (2000) but rather an extension of bureaucratic controls. State actors such as the police service remain pre-eminent within increasingly formalised systems of partnership. Issues of voice, leadership and pragmatic culture were all important findings for the implementation of community planning in practice. However, an implementation gap was identified between the rhetoric and lived experience of those entrusted to deliver these policy goals. Compared to more recent developments of a national police service, issues of professionalisation, operational autonomy and reduction of effective local accountability – all supported police focus on enforcement led policing as opposed to partnership working and community safety more broadly.

The Disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843 was arguably the most important event in Nineteenth Century Scottish religious history. The prime factor in the dispute which precipitated this crisis was the question as to whether the Church should rule itself through its own courts or be controlled by the secular government. This tension had existed in Scotland since shortly after the Reformation, but by the nineteenth century new factors had become involved. These included the political clash between democratic rights and the privilege of the ancien regime, the economic ability of Scots to maintain a church without state aid, the proper interpretation of Scots law, personal prejudice and bias especially on the part of Judges and politicians and, not least important, the transfer of civil government to the parliament in London with the consequent loss of contact with Scottish sensibilities. This study is concerned less with the detail of national events than with the reactions of local churchmen, both clerical and lay, to the events which occurred between 1830 and 1850. It focuses on three adjacent but dissimilar presbytery areas: the industrial area of Dundee where the leaders of public opinion were the entrepreneurial and professional members of the rising middle classes; the largely rural area of St. Andrews where public attitudes were formed by landowners and university professors; and the Cupar Presbytery area where agriculture and industry co-existed and where landowners and the middle classes shared responsibility for the general climate of opinion. This diversity of views is explored in the study as also are the reactions of various groups (e.g. , laity, clergy, students) to the judgements of the civil court concerning the Veto Act and to the campaigns for non-intrusion and spiritual Independence mounted by Church leaders. The contrasting responses of the three presbyteries to the allied issue of the Chapel Act are examined, while local preparations for the Disruption are explored in detail and set in the national context. The final sections of the study are devoted to a careful examination of the local aftermath of the Disruption: the manner in which the three Established presbyteries responded to their loss of ministers and elders and their attempts to recover their earlier social dominance; the ways in which the Free Church developed during the post Disruption years; the differences between the social and economic characteristics of those ministers and elders who adhered to the Established Church and those who joined the Free Church.

There has been in Scotland, in recent years, a resurgence in interest the past history of our woodland, and their future management. The work of Lindsay in the 1970's did much to scotch earlier misconceptions about the utilisation and management of Highland woodlands (Lindsay 1974). Rather than being wholly exploitative, commercial influences during the 18th and 19th centuries may, in fact, have helped temper further woodland decline. It is now generally recognised that non-commercial influences may have been more significant in the evolution of woodlands in the historic period. It is now generally recognised that an understanding of past influences can contribute to future management strategies. This thesis therefore set out to examine the utilisation and management of the semi-natural woodlands of Lochtayside, and in particular, the commercial and non-commercial uses of the woodlands, and their subsequent management. It is hoped that results of this study would both suppliment our existing understanding of Scottish woodland history, and be taken into consideration in the debate on future management strategies. Initially, the study provides a context for the processes of woodland utilistion and management. Thus, the principal decisionmakers involved in the determination of woodland policies on Lochtayside were examined: the Campbells of Glenorchy. Both internal and external factors which might affect their decisions were also investigated. A critical evaluation of the sources for a woodland history study followed. Sources included, contemporary published works relating to the Highland rural society and the economy; the primary documentary source, i.e., the Breadalbane muniments; and cartographic sources, primarily, the Pont Map, the Roy Map, both the Fair and the Protracted versions, the 1769 Survey of Lochtayside and the 1st edition Ordnance Survey. A critical assessment of the advantages and disadvantages is regarded as fundamental to woodland history, and the study explored the limitations of using such sources, in particular the cartographic evidence. Finally, the non-commercial use of the produce and area of the semi-natural woodlands on Lochtayside, and the commercial use of these woodlands, including for bark, timber and charcoal was examined. Conclusions reached suggest there was a complex relationship between these two forms of use which affected the management of the woodlands, and ultimately the extent and composition of the woodlands on Lochtayside. It became clear that the relationship between the agriculture and woodlands was critical. The precise nature of this relationship, however, requires further examination.

Through time, Hospitalfield in Arbroath, Scotland, served as a pilgrim hospice, private home, art school, and artist residency centre. In the 20th century, its art school and residency programme enabled hundreds of artists to live, work, and learn within a unique educational environment. Despite its wide-reaching impact, Hospitalfield has remained an ethereal presence within scholarship. This thesis presents the first investigation of its significance to the development of 20th-century Scottish art. Part 1 examines Hospitalfield's importance as a place where artists, throughout the 20 th century, encountered new influences, formed communities, responded to the landscape, and developed their own practices. Its analyses provide new insight into the work and careers of well-known Scottish artists and introduce significant works by their lesser known contemporaries. It also explores the impact of Hospitalfield's institutional change upon the student experience and its relationship to broader trends in art and education. Part 2 focuses on the art and influence of Hospitalfield's resident 'Warden', James Cowie , (Warden from 1935-1948) and Ian Fleming (Warden from 1948-1954), arguing that Hospitalfield contributed to the development of Scottish art by enabling the evolution of Cowie's and Fleming's artwork and the dissemination of their influences. It presents new analyses of Cowie's and Fleming's work and contextualises their bodies of work within the painting culture of Scotland and beyond and traces how aspects of the Wardens' practices influenced multiple generations of artists. Both parts were informed by archival material, secondary sources, and oral history interviews conducted during the research process and archived in the Elphinstone Institute, University of Aberdeen for future educational use. In accordance with the research's funding arrangement between the Hospitalfield Alumni Association and the University of Aberdeen, Part 1 was written to be accessible to a generalist audience, while Part 2 is in an academic style.