Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Th. doct.-ing.--Sci. agron.--Nancy--I.N.P.L., 1981.

Inaug.-dis.--Jena. / Lebenslauf.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [128]-144). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [128]-144). Also available on the Internet.

In the cross, S. cereale ♀ x S. africanum ♂, near normal seeds were formed. They showed 40% germination. In the reciprocal cross, S. africanum ♀ x S. cereale ♂, the seeds were dry, brittle, extremely shrivelled at maturity and none germinated. Reciprocal differences as sharp as those in crosses between S. cereale and S. africanum were not noted in crosses of S. cereale with S. montanum or with S. vavilovii. Seeds from the cross S. cereale ♀ x S. montanum ♂ showed 81% germination, whereas seeds from the reciprocal cross S. montanum ♀ x S. cereale ♂ showed 77% germination. Seeds from the cross S. cereale ♀ x S. vavilovii ♂ showed 96% germination, and seeds from the reciprocal cross S. vavilovii ♀ x S. cereale ♂ showed 50% germination. The possible causes of seed inviability which were investigated in S. africanum ♀ x S. cereale ♂ crosses were: (1) endosperm-embryo incompatibility, (2) embryo inviability, (3) maternal tissue-endosperm interaction, (4) abnormal endosperm development. To determine whether an endosperm-embryo incompatibility existed, embryos were transplansted from S. cereale to the seeds of S. africanum as well as to seeds of S. cereale, and also to a paste prepared from both S. africanum seeds and S. cereale seeds. Since S. cereale embryos geminated just as well on S. africanum endosperm as on the endosperm of S. cereale, S. africanum endosperm apparently produced no inhibiting effect on the germination of S. cereale embryos. To determine whether the embryos were viable or inviable in the S. africanum ♀ x S. cereale ♂ seeds, hybrid embryos were excised prior to seed maturity and placed on nutrient agar media. Since four out of twenty-three germinated, and one of these even grew to a vigorous plant when transferred to the soil, the cause of seed failure cannot be attributed to genic failure of the hybrid embryo. To determine whether or not there was abnormal maternal tissue-endosperm development or abnormal endosperm development, seeds were fixed and sectioned at various ages following pollination. Since no abnormalities were observed in the maternal tissue of the hybridseed, seed failure probably cannot be attributed to abnormal maternal tissue-endo sperm relations. However, very marked disturbances in endosperm and embryo development were observed with the eventual disintegration of the endosperm. The cause of seed failure in the cross S. africanum ♀ x S. cereale ♂ is apparently due, therefore, to abnormal development of the endosperm resulting in starvation and death of the embryo.

Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:41:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_FabiolaAliagade_D.pdf: 3830264 bytes, checksum: c4a5b890059ac6893391ad89b28572c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os ácidos fenólicos possuem propriedades biológicas que desempenham ação antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, antiproliferativa e antimicrobiana. Porém, esses fenólicos de cereais integrais podem ser difíceis de serem absorvidos totalmente pelo organismo, pois estão ligados a outros componentes da parede celular do vegetal ou a um antinutriente (taninos). O zinco, ferro e fósforo de grãos integrais são importantes para o desenvolvimento e manutenção do organismo. No entanto, os cereais ricos em fitato podem apresentar esses minerais complexados ao antinutriente e se tornarem indisponíveis para a absorção. Uma alternativa para melhorar a disponibilidade de ácidos fenólicos e minerais de cereais integrais é o tratamento enzimático. A tanase, tanino acil hidrolase (EC 3.1.1.20), é uma enzima com habilidade de atuar em ligações éster e depsídicas de taninos hidrolisáveis e já foi descrita como capaz de hidrolisar outros fenólicos como ácido tânico, ácido clorogênico, epigalocatequina, dentre outros. A fitase microbiana atua na desfitinização de cereais ricos em fitatos e sua ação melhora a bioacessibilidade de ferro e zinco na formulação infantil. A bioacessibilidade é uma alternativa aos ensaios 'in vivo' que apresentam alto custo de experimental, e pode ser medida pelo modelo de digestão 'in vitro'/absorção pelas células Caco-2. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de tanase de 'Paecilomyces variotii' e fitase comercial, adicionadas à farinha de centeio, quanto ao teor de fenólicos totais e à identificação e quantificação por CLAE-DAD dos ácidos fenólicos; à capacidade antioxidante (DPPH, ORAC e FRAP); à disponibilidade de minerais (zinco e ferro); ao teor de antinutrientes (tanino hidrolisável e fitato); e à bioacessibilidade dos ácidos fenólicos da farinha. A tanase adicionada à farinha foi capaz de reduzir o teor de tanino hidrolisável, aumentar os fenólicos totais e potencializar a capacidade antioxidante. A farinha tratada com fitase apresentou menor teor de fitato e aumento no conteúdo de fósforo inorgânico proveniente da degradação enzimática. A disponibilidade de zinco e ferro, medida pela razão molar entre os minerais e o fitato foi melhorada após o tratamento da farinha com fitase. Foram identificados os ácidos ferúlico, sinápico e vanílico da farinha de centeio, que após o tratamento com a tanase apresentou aumento no teor de ácido ferúlico em cinco vezes em relação à farinha não tratada. Esse resultado evidencia a ação inédita da tanase de 'P. variotii' como possível feruloil esterase. A farinha biotransformada com tanase apresentou maior teor dos ácidos vanílico, ferúlico e sinápico, porém ao se avaliar a bioacessibilidade houve menor eficiência de transporte desses ácidos quando comparada à farinha controle. Provavelmente, a farinha biotransformada apresentou saturação desses fenólicos sobre a porção apical das células Caco-2 que reduziu a capacidade do transportador de ácidos monocarboxílicos (MCT1) nas duas horas de incubação. Isso corrobora com os resultados obtidos da exposição das células Caco-2 aos padrões de ácidos ferúlico e vanílico na concentração de 50 µl.ml-1 que apresentaram inibição da expressão gênica do MCT1. Contudo, o uso de enzimas como fitase e tanase na farinha de centeio é interessante, pois potencializa sua ação antioxidante, aumenta o teor de fenólicos, aumenta a disponibilidade de zinco e ferro, aumenta o conteúdo de fósforo e reduz os antinutrientes. Para trabalhos futuros seria relevante estudar o tempo de residência de ácidos fenólicos da farinha de centeio no ensaio de transporte celular, pois duas horas de incubação pode ter sido insuficiente para verificar todo o potencial da farinha tratada com tanase / Abstract: Phenolic acids have biological properties that perform antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antimicrobial. However, these phenolic of whole grains may be difficult to be completely absorbed by the body because they are connected to other cell wall components of plant or an antinutrient (tannins). Zinc, iron and phosphorus of whole grains are important for the development and maintenance of the organism. However, cereals rich in phytate may have these minerals complexed to antinutrient and become unavailable for absorption. An alternative to improve the availability of phenolic acids and minerals of whole grains is the enzymatic treatment. Tannase, tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) is an enzyme with the ability to act on ester bonds and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins and has been described as capable of hydrolyzing tannic acid, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin, among others. Microbial phytase acts on dephytinization of cereals rich in phytate and its action improves the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in infant formulation. Bioaccessibility is an alternative to in vivo tests that has expensive experimental cost, and can be measured by 'in vitro' model of digestion / absorption by the Caco-2 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tannase Paecilomyces variotii and of commercial phytase added to rye flour, as to the total phenolic content and the identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD of phenolic acids; to the antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP); to the availability of minerals (zinc and iron); to the antinutrients content (phytate and hydrolyzable tannin); and as to bioaccessibility of phenolic acids of the flour. Tannase added to flour was able to reduce the hydrolyzable tannin content, increase total phenolic and enhance the antioxidant capacity. Flour rye treated with phytase decreased phytate content and increased content of inorganic phosphorus from enzymatic degradation. Availability of zinc and iron of the flour after treatment with phytase was improved, it was measured by the molar ratio between the mineral and phytate. Acids ferulic, sinapic and vanillic were identified and quantified of the rye flour, which after treatment with tannase showed an increase in ferulic acid content in five times bigger that the untreated flour. This result shows the tanase being an original action of 'P. variotii' as possible feruloyl esterase. Biotransformed flour rye with tannase showed a higher content of vanillic acid, ferulic and sinapic, however, when assessing the bioaccessibility was lower transport efficiency of these acids when compared to the control flour. Probably the biotransformed flour showed saturation of these phenolics about the apical portion of Caco-2 cells, they reduced the capacity of the monocarboxylic acids transporter (MCT1) within two hours of incubation. This corroborates the results of exposure of Caco-2 cells to standards of ferulic acid and vanillic at concentration of 50 ?l.mL-1, that showed inhibition of gene expression MCT1. However, the use of enzymes such as phytase and tannase in rye flour is interesting because it enhances antioxidant capacity, it phenolic content is incremented, availability of zinc and iron is bettered, increases the phosphorus content and reduces antinutrients. For further work, would be relevant the study of the residence time of the phenolic acids of rye flour on the cell transport assay, since two hours of incubation may have been insufficient to verify the full potential of flour treated with tannase / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Les terres noires (Histosol) du Sud du Québec représentent une ressource agricole non-renouvelable où l’on produit la majorité des laitues (Lactuca sativa L.) au Canada. Les paillis de seigle font partie des pratiques culturales durables proposées pour les protéger. Les impacts de ces paillis sur l’agroécosystème demeurent méconnus. Cette étude visait à mesurer les impacts des paillis de seigle sur la chaîne trophique associée au puceron de la laitue, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley, 1841), un ravageur important. Au cours d’une saison de croissance et avec deux transplants, les impacts des paillis de seigle ont été examinés in situ. Dépistages visuels et pièges-bols jaunes ont mesuré la colonisation des plants par N. ribisnigri, ses ennemis naturels et leurs proies alternatives. En cages d’exclusion, la valeur adaptative et la croissance des populations de pucerons ont été mesurées. Ex situ, les effets résiduels des paillis dans le sol sur le fitness et la croissance des populations de N. ribisnigri ont été mesurés. In situ, les paillis de seigle ont limité la colonisation des laitues par N. ribisnigri et ont recruté d’avantage d’ennemis naturels et de proies alternative sur un des transplants. Le paillis a réduit le fitness des pucerons ainsi que la concentration en acides aminés foliaires et le poids des laitues en début de saison. Ex situ, des effets résiduels du paillis de seigle furent détectés sur la composition du microbiote du sol mais pas sur le fitness des pucerons. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel des paillis de seigle comme pratique culturale contre N. ribisnigri mais n’éclaircissent pas les mécanismes à l’œuvre et soulignent un risque quant au rendement de la laitue. / Southern Quebec cultivated peatland (Histosols) are a non-renewable resource producing most Canadian lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Rye mulches are one of the conservation practices proposed to reach sustainable production, but their impacts on the agroecosystem are still poorly studied. We aimed to assess impacts of rye mulches on the trophic chain around the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley 1841), an economically significant pest. Through one growing season and two successive transplants, we monitored impacts of rye mulches in situ. Visual scouting and yellow pan traps assessed plant colonization by N. ribisnigri, its natural enemies and alternative preys. Exclusion cage experiments measured aphid fitness and population growth. Ex situ, we attempted to detect if lingering effects of the rye mulch within the soil affected lettuce plants, N. ribisnigri and soil microbiota. In situ experiments showed that rye mulch had the potential to inhibit N. ribisnigri field colonization and recruited natural enemies and alternative preys in one transplant. Mulch reduced aphid fitness as well as lettuce foliar amino acids concentration and weight at the beginning of the season. Ex situ experiments detected lasting effect of rye mulch on microbiota composition but not on aphid nor lettuce fitness after mulch removal. This study highlights the potential of rye mulches as a cultural practice against N. ribisnigri but does not reveal mechanisms at play while underlining agronomic challenges concerning lettuce yields.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

It was carried an experiment, in the Fitotecnia Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) - RS, with objective to evaluate the nutritional quality of two species of grassy (Hordeum vulgare L. and Secale cereale L.), cultivated in hydroponic, during of autumn and winter and to evaluate the nutritional quality of two species of grassy (Hordeum vulgare L. and Secale cereale L) joined to a legume (Vicia sativa L.), cultivated in hydroponic, during autumn and winter. It was adopted the experimental delineation entirely casuistic with four repetitions. The data had been submitted to the variance analysis. The averages of the qualitative variables had been compared among themselves for Tukey test with 5% of error probability. The hydroponic Secale cereale L forage showed bigger dry mass and mineral substance in autumn and winter, surpassing the Hordeum vulgare L forage, Hordeum vulgare L.: intercropping+Vicia sativa L and Secale cereale L+Vicia sativa L. Hydroponic Secale cereale L forage intercropping+Vicia sativa L 150 presented bigger dry mass than the others treatments, however, the mineral substance resulted in minors values, what negatively differentiated in relation the Secale cereale L forage. The biggest fiber value in neutral detergent found, was in the hydroponic Hordeum vulgare L. forage, although it did not show significant difference in relation to the others treatments. The hydroponic Secale cereale L forage presented a bigger rude protein value in relation to the others treatments. The hydroponic forages it did not show significant difference in relation to energetic value and value of phosphorus. The biggest value of calcium and magnesium had been found in the hydroponic Secale cereale L. forage. The Hordeum vulgare L. produced in the 2002 winter, presented minors potassium value, differing significantly from the Hordeum vulgare L intercropping + Vicia sativa L 300 and Secale cereale L + Vicia sativa L 150. / Foi realizado um experimento, no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) RS, com objetivo de avaliar a qualidade nutricional de duas espécies de gramíneas (cevada e centeio), cultivadas em hidroponia, no período de outono e inverno e avaliar a qualidade nutricional de duas espécies de gramíneas (cevada e centeio) consorciadas a uma leguminosa (ervilhaca), cultivadas em hidroponia, no período de outono e inverno. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. As médias das variáveis qualitativas foram comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro.A forragem hidropônica de centeio apresentou maior massa seca e matéria mineral no outono e inverno, superando a forragem de cevada, consórcio de cevada + ervilhaca e centeio + ervilhaca. O consórcio de forragem hidropônica de centeio + ervilhaca 150 apresentou maior massa seca que os demais tratamentos consorciados, entretanto, a matéria mineral resultou em menores valores, o que diferenciou negativamente em relação à forragem de centeio. O maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) encontrado, foi na forragem hidropônica de cevada, apesar de não ter apresentado diferença significativa em relação aos demais tratamentos. A forragem hidropônica de centeio apresentou um maior teor de proteína bruta em relação aos demais tratamentos. As forragens hidropônicas não apresentaram diferença significativa para o valor energético e o teor de fósforo. Os maiores teores de cálcio e magnésio foram encontrados na forragem hidropônica de centeio. A cevada produzida no inverno de 2002 apresentou menores teores de potássio, diferindo significativamente do consórcio de cevada + ervilhaca 300 e centeio + ervilhaca 150.