Information exchange in wireless communication without being blocked by terrain or infrastructure is easier and simpler than that in the traditional wired communication environments. Due to the transmission type, anonymity is urgently required in wireless communications for concealing the footprint of mobile users. Additionally, the mobility of a mobile device may incur possible threats to the past encrypted transmitted data, where the past session keys for the encryptions of wireless communications may be derived by the long-term secret stored the mobile device if it is lost. In this thesis, we propose an efficient solution by using symmetry-based cryptosystems for forward secrecy and anonymity in the standards of mobile networks, such as GSM, UMTS, and LTE, without losing the compatibility. By adopting secret chain (SC) based mechanism, the generation of every session key involves a short-term secret, changed in every session, to achieve forward secrecy and anonymity. Furthermore, synchronization mechanism required for the SC-protocol is also proposed. For more advanced security requirements of truly non-repudiation and strong anonymity, which is additionally anonymous to systems, certificateless signatures and group signatures are applied in the authentication protocols for UMTS and VANETs. Certificateless signatures can eliminate the overhead of using public-key infrastructure (PKI) in wireless communications. Our work proposed a certificateless signature scheme achieving the same security level of non-repudiation as that in the PKI-based signature scheme, that most of the proposed certificateless signatures cannot fulfill. Group signatures practice the privacy of the participants of the authentication protocol by originating the group signatures belonging to their group. However, directly applying group signatures in wireless communications results in inefficiency of computation when a group has a large amount of members. Therefore, we aim at reducing the computation costs of membership revocation on the proposed group signature scheme to constant without being influenced by the amount of members and then apply the scheme to VANETs and UMTS. Eventually, all the proposed schemes in the thesis are theoretically proven secure under the standard reduction.