The Queen Charlotte Fault system is a segment of the North America - Pacific plate boundary. From 45 Ma - 5 Ma, plate motion has been primarily translational. Since 5 Ma, transpression has been the dominant mode of interaction. The plate boundary west of the Queen Charlotte Islands is characterized by an approximately 30- km wide terrace, flanked to the west by a topographic trough and to the east by the seismically active Queen Charlotte Fault. At 53.4°N the fault bends eastward and the terrace becomes wider and discontinuous, forming triangular shaped highs and intervening lows. Approximately 300 km of multichannel seismic reflection and gravity data along and across the Queen Charlotte Fault off Dixon Entrance were collected as part of the ACCRETE experiment in 1994. Structural interpretation of the five new profiles reveals the presence of faults and folds within the terrace, which form an angle of 20° to the strike of the Queen Charlotte Fault. The direction of these structures corresponds to the trend of the plate boundary south of the bend and west of the Queen Charlotte Islands, implying that through complex compression and shear, material must have been carried from south to north along the margin during oblique plate motion. Based on this observation and on forward gravity modeling, which places limits on the possible plate configuration at depth, a four-dimensional model has been developed to explain the temporal and spatial evolution of structural styles in this region. Considering the amount of shortening that must be accommodated within the past 5 Ma (a maximum of 100 km), a model of an underthrusting Pacific plate is preferred over one of pure upthrusting. About 5-6 Ma ago, when transpression began, oceanic crust was flexed and thrust upward at the plate boundary to eventually reach a steady-state configuration of a subducting slab. Fractured basement rock and consolidated, deformed sediments underlie the terrace and form its foundation. As a result of strain partitioning, the terrace is now decoupled and moves both parallel to the continent and perpendicular to the underthrusting Pacific plate. North of the bend in the Queen Charlotte Fault, underthrusting north of it occurs obliquely along preexisting fractures at the base of the terrace. The repetitive pattern of triangular terrace slivers is the result of continuing uplift and shear along these trends. Active tectonism influences sediment dispersal and creates traps. A N-S trending fault was also identified in the trough segment and possibly involves oceanic basement. Its origin is thought to be due to distributed shear that was transmitted across the plate boundary. Sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies trend north-south as well. Along these zones of weakness, synthetic strike-slip faults of a transpressional strain ellipse could has been initiated during early stages of subduction. Reactivation of such faults may occur when oceanic crust approaches the outer terrace boundary, as is the case in the study region. Gravity modeling confirmed the existence of thin (24 km) continental crust and an increase in oceanic Moho dip beneath the terrace, which is topped by unconsolidated sediments and underlain by material of near-basement densities. It could not be determined using gravity modeling whether oceanic crust exists beneath the continent, but if it does, it must be welded to the North American plate in shallow subduction. / Graduation date: 1998

This study presents the interpretation of Edo-Western and Sparker seismic geophysical data acquired on the northern KwaZulu-Natal upper continental margin by various organisations since 1981. Five seismic sequences are recognised and these are traceable across the entire length of the study area. The oldest is interpreted as a late Cretaceous marine sequence (Sequence A), probably the offshore equivalent of the St. Lucia Formation exposed onshore. This sequence is overlain by a progradational, probable late Tertiary shelf sequence (Sequence B) onlapping in places against the underlying marine sequence. The outer portion of this sequence on the upper continental slope is characterised by complicated reflection termination patterns indicating the possible presence of discreet sequences within this shelf and slope unit. These shelf and slope sediments are overlain by a thin (less than 20m) reworked and eroded Pleistocene shelf unit (Sequence C), itself overlain by linear Pleistocene aeolianites (Sequence D) in places. The youngest sequence observed is the Holocene unconsolidated sediment wedge (Sequence E) on the inner shelf, attaining thicknesses of greater than 20m in places. The various sequences were mapped out and sediment isopach maps were produced (wherever possible) as well as an overall geological subcrop map of the study area. 150 kilometres of shallow penetration Edo Western seismic records acquired off the Sodwana Bay continental shelf were interpreted. Two sediment types are recognised, namely consolidated beach rock/aeolianite and unconsolidated Quaternary shelf sand/bioclastic reef derived sediment. In places, accumulations of bioclastic sediment in subaqueous dune troughs which have been subsequently buried by migrating bedforms manifest themselves on seismic records as dark semi-continuous reflectors beneath the migrating bedform. Close inshore, seismic records show prominent reflectors interpreted as consolidated sediment beneath varying thicknesses of unconsolidated sediment. Close to the shelf break (occurring at approximately -60m), seismic interpretation indicates that thin beach rock developments perch directly upon unconsolidated shelf sand, with the beach rock having been eroded through in places to expose unconsolidated sediment beneath. A sediment thickness map for this area was compiled from the seismic data. The limited penetration of the Pinger system necessitated "greater-than" values being used in many areas. Greatest sediment thicknesses occur in subaqueous dune fields where unconsolidated sediment thickness is at least 11 m. In inshore areas absent of subaqueous dune fields, sediment thicknesses are typically low, varying between 1 and 3m. A prominent submerged dune ridge close inshore limits substantial unconsolidated sediment build-up to landward of this feature. On the seaward side substantial build-up is limited by the action of the Agulhas Current which is actively transporting sediment into the head of submarine canyons which incise the continental shelf at Sodwana Bay. This study shows that on the northern KwaZulu-Natal continental shelf where there is a dearth of unconsolidated Quaternary sediment, the Edo Western seismic system is a useful tool for discerning thin veneers of unconsolidated sediment less than 4m thick. When considering the overall low volumes of unconsolidated sediment present on the shelf, this hitherto unconsidered volume of sediment constitutes an important part of the shelf sediment budget. Submarine landslide features observed on sparker seismic records are described and discussed. Submarine landslides are present which affect a) Sequences A and B, b) Sequence B only and c) Sequence A only, ages of these sediment failures can thus be inferred as being either post- Late Cretaceous or post- Late Tertiary. Offshore Kosi Bay, submarine landslide features affecting Sequence A are buried by unaffected Sequence B sediments, indicating a post- Late Cretaceous to pre- Late Tertiary age of occurrence. Style of failure tends towards mass flow in those submarine landslides in which Sequence B only sediments are affected, while those in which Sequence A is affected exhibit some slide features indicating a greater degree of internal coherency of these sediments compared to Sequence B. Slope stability analysis of a submarine landslide feature offshore St. Lucia Estuary Mouth indicates the failed sediment mass would have been stable under static conditions and that external dynamic forces such as storm waves or seismic activity would have been necessary to induce failure. It is demonstrated that the Zululand earthquake of 1932 would have exceeded the intensity necessary to induce sediment failure and this event should therefore be considered as a possible cause. Seismic evidence of fluvial incision/subaerial exposure at the boundaries between Sequences A and B and C and E are further evidence of lowered sea-levels probably during the Oligocene and Late Pleistocene. The position of the incision into Sequence C relative the present course of the Mkuze River indicates the possibility that this incision could represent the palaeo-outlet of this river. Seismic expression of 3 submarine canyons in the study area indicate that they are currently undergoing active headward erosion, independent of any direct modern fluvial influence. In the case of Ntabende Canyon, a nearby continental shelf incision postulated to be the palaeo-Mkuze outlet indicates that provision of terrigenous material to this portion of the continental shelf could well have accelerated mass wasting processes within the canyon itself. This submarine canyon could therefore have progressed more rapidly to a relatively mature phase of development. Subsurface structure indicates the lack of any post- Late Tertiary fault features beneath the canyons, thus excluding faults active in post- Late Tertiary times as a developmental factor. It is shown that the overall, external morphology of the KwaZulu-Natal upper continental margin is strongly influenced by seismic stratigraphic relationships, with the main influencing factors being outcrop position of the various sequences and depositional angle of sediments of which a sequence is comprised. External morphology has also been greatly modified in places by mass-wasting processes. It is demonstrated also that relating the observed seismic stratigraphy to onshore geological cross sections is problematic due to the distances involved and lack of confident offshore dates for the seismic sequences observed. Seismic relationships observed contribute to an understanding of relative sea-level movements since the Late Cretaceous and the overall geological evolution of the northern KwaZulu-Natal upper continental margin, details of which are discussed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

Orientador: Denis Jose Schiozer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T05:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avansi_GuilhermeDaniel_D.pdf: 12200632 bytes, checksum: d09b5daf81970a904dbbb737178de400 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A simulação numérica é fundamental para a engenharia de reservatórios, possibilitando a previsão de produção e avaliação de modelos em diferentes estágios da vida produtiva de um campo. Todavia, para isso, é necessário calibrar os modelos com dados de histórico de produção e mapas, sendo indispensável um modelo geológico confiável para gerar modelos numéricos consistentes. O processo de ajuste de histórico tem sido integrado às áreas de estudo de caracterização de reservatórios e sísmica 4D para que melhores resultados possam ser obtidos. Muitas vezes, é difícil testar a aplicabilidade de novas metodologias nessas áreas de trabalho, pois os reservatórios reais são desconhecidos no momento das decisões, e raramente são feitos estudos posteriores para isso. Dessa forma, um dos objetivos principais desta tese é a criação de um modelo sintético (UNISIM-I-R), com características reais e resposta conhecida, a partir de dados públicos do Campo de Namorado, Bacia de Campos, Brasil, de forma que o reservatório real possa ser substituído por um modelo de referência para que metodologias sejam testadas e comparadas durante as fases de pré e pós-desenvolvimento do campo. Para testar as aplicações, outros dois modelos são criados, UNISIM-I-D e UNISIM-I-H, para que metodologias de estratégia de produção e de ajuste de histórico sejam testadas, validadas e comparadas. A aplicação utilizada e apresentada neste trabalho é a de ajuste de histórico, integrada à caracterização geológica e sísmica 4D. Mostra-se o ajuste simultâneo de diferentes funções-objetivo, mantendo a consistência dos modelos gerados, de modo a resultar em previsões de produção confiáveis. Para que modelos geológicos sejam calibrados durante a fase de caracterização integrada ao ajuste, perturba-se o modelo geológico utilizando poços virtuais. Sendo assim, as principais contribuições deste trabalho são a construção de um problema típico da engenharia de reservatórios, com resposta conhecida, e de uma metodologia de ajuste de histórico integrada com a caracterização de reservatórios e sísmica 4D, a qual preserva a consistência geológica dos modelos gerados / Abstract: Numerical simulation is essential for reservoir engineering, allowing the production forecasting and models evaluation in different stages of field production. Besides quantifying reservoir uncertainties in a field planning and developing, it is necessary to adjust models with history production and map data, being indispensable a reliable geological model to get consistent numerical ones. History matching process has been integrated to reservoir characterization and 4D seismic study areas in order to get better results. The applicability of new technologies in these areas is frequently restricted to real reservoir applications, once they are unknown at the time of the decision making, and further studies are rarely made for this. This work aims the creation of a synthetic model, UNISIM-I-R, using a public dataset from Namorado Field, Campos Basin, Brazil, where the real reservoir is replaced with a reference model with known properties, so that methodologies can be tested and compared in a pre and post-development stages of field production. In order to test the applications, two other models are built, UNISIM-I-D and UNISIM-I-H, testing, comparing and validating selection of production strategy and history matching approaches. The proposed and used application is the history matching, reservoir characterization and 4D seismic integrated studies. This way, a simultaneous calibration of different objective-function is proposed, keeping the geological consistency in an adjustment approach for a reliable forecast production. However, it is necessary to perturb the geological model using virtual wells during the reservoir characterization to get the calibration. In conclusion, the main contributions of the presented work are the construction of a typical reservoir engineering problem, with known answer, and the development of an integrated history matching by reservoir characterization and 4D seismic, which preserves the consistency of geological models construction / Doutorado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientador: Martin Tygel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T06:13:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CostaFilho_CarlosAlbertoda_M.pdf: 3131395 bytes, checksum: f8687abfc7e346fdd8e6dc40746526e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As reflexões de ondas sísmicas na subsuperfície terrestre podem ser colocadas em duas categorias disjuntas: reflexões primárias e múltiplas. Reflexões primárias carregam informações pontuais sobre um refletor específico, enquanto reflexões múltiplas carregam informações sobre interfaces e pontos de reflexão variados. Consequentemente é usual tentar atenuar reflexões múltiplas e trabalhar somente com reflexões primárias. Neste trabalho, a teoria de ondas acústicas é desenvolvida somente a partir da equação da onda. Um resultado que demonstra como a propagação de ondas acústicas pode ser descrita somente com uma única multiplicação por matriz é exposta. Este resultado permite que um algoritmo seja desenvolvido que, em teoria, pode ser usado para remover todas as reflexões múltiplas que refletiram na superfície pelo menos uma vez. Uma implementação prática deste algoritmo é mostrada. Por conseguinte, a teoria de análise de componentes independentes é apresentada. Suas considerações teóricas e práticas são abordadas. Finalmente, ela é usada em conjunção com o método de eliminação de múltiplas de superfície para atenuar múltiplas de quatro dados diferentes. Estes resultados são então analisados e a eficácia do método é avaliada / Abstract: The reflections of seismic waves in the subsurface of the Earth can be placed under two disjoint categories: primary and multiple reflections. Primary reflections carry pointwise information about a specific reflector while multiple reflections carry informations about various interfaces and reflection points. Consequently, it is customary to attempt to attenuate multiple reflections and work solely with primary reflections. In this work, the theory of acoustic waves is developed solely from the wave equation. A result that shows how acoustic wave propagation can be described as a single matrix multiplication is exposed. This result enables one to develop an algorithm that, in theory, can be used to remove all multiple reflections that have reflected on the surface at least once. The practical implementation of this algorithm is shown. Thereafter, the theory of independent component analysis is presented. Its theoretical and practical considerations are addressed. Finally, it is used in conjunction with the surface-related multiple elimination method to attenuate multiples in four different datasets. These results are then analyzed and the efficacy of the method is evaluated / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Complex trace attribute analysis has been applied to 24-fold VIBROSEIS reflection data acquired on the Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston, S. C., to yield an expanded interpretation of a Mesozoic basin concealed beneath Coastal Plain sediments. Complex trace attributes express the seismic trace in terms of a complex variable and emphasize different components of the original seismogram. Attributes derived from synthetic seismograms of thin beds are used to interpret the patterns observed on the real data. Complex trace attributes derived from the original seismic trace complement the interpretation of a Mesozoic basin originally imaged by conventional data. The combination of single-sweep recording and use of complex trace attributes is believed to support an interpretation of a transition from basin border conglomerates into finer-grained siltstones nearer to the center of the basin. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

The morphology of Lake Sibaya is a product of an ancient fluvial system that drained a coastal landscape dominated by aeolian processes. The sedimentary processes within the lake are driven by wind generated currents. The dominant sedimentary process is one of lake segmentation, whereby prograding bedforms isolate the lake into smaller water bodies. The prograding bedforms include cuspate forelands and sand spits. The size and mobility of these bedforms is a function of sediment availability and current regime. The bathymetry of Lake Sibaya is discussed, with emphasis on geomorphic features derived from the ancient aeolian landscape as well as features related to modern sedimentary processes. The presence of underwater knickpoints and terraces indicate that lake level fluctuations have been common in Lake Sibaya. It is during lake highstands that large volumes of sand are eroded from aeolian dunes which surround the lake and made available for shoreline progradation. Ancient dune topography is preserved to depths of 20 m below water-level within the lake. Surface sediment distribution maps were compiled from 515 grab samples and thirteen core samples. Fine grained, well sorted, coarse skewed quartz sand comprises the majority of the surface area of the lake floor. Gyttja is the other dominant sediment type and accumulates in palaeovalleys and depressions on the lake floor. Sediment distribution in Lake Sibaya is discussed in terms of modern lacustrine processes as well as inherited sedimentary characteristics. The stratigraphy of the sediments underlying Lake Sibaya was investigated using a Uni-Boom seismic profiling system. Seismic profiles were compiled by identifying acoustically reflective surfaces that show regional development. Thirteen seismic overlays were prepared, and are illustrated as west - east and north - south seismic profiles. Five sequences ranging in age from late Cretaceous to Holocene were identified from the seismic profiles, and are described in terms of sequence stratigraphic principles. The seismic sequences were interpreted within a lithostratigraphic framework and are presented as a series of idealised geological sections. Thirteen sediment cores were collected from the Lake Sibaya area in order to ascertain the accuracy of the stratigraphic interpretation of the seismic records, to investigate reflective horizons identified from seismic records and to collect dateable material. Interpretation of the sediment cores reveals that a proto Lake Sibaya existed on drowned dune topography, during the period ± 43500 BP to ± 25500 BP prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. During the early to mid Holocene the Lake Sibaya site was occupied by a saline lagoon which underwent isolation from the sea ± 5030 BP. Since the mid-Holocene the lake has evolved to totally freshwater conditions and has undergone little sedimentation. The geological evolution of the Lake Sibaya area is discussed in terms of the geometry of the identified seismic sequences, the sedimentary characteristics of these sequences and the radiocarbon dates provided from the sediment cores. Palaeo-environmental conditions during the accumulation of the sedimentary sequences is discussed where fossil remains permit. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

Orientador: Saul Barisnik Suslick / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T15:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho_AlexandreAvelar_M.pdf: 28812155 bytes, checksum: 29b3bc8596d1657465b5fc0dc96c3f9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A priorização de oportunidades exploratórias é de fundamental importância na indústria do petróleo devido à elevada quantidade de projetos e ao orçamento limitado das empresas. A valoração de cada projeto depende das estimativas de volume e de ocorrência de hidrocarbonetos, sendo que o valor atribuído será tão mais preciso quanto melhor for o desempenho da tecnologia sísmica utilizada na obtenção da informação. O avanço tecnológico transformou os dados sísmicos em uma fonte de informação cada vez mais precisa para estimativas relacionadas a tais ocorrências. Portanto, é necessário que a tecnologia utilizada para realizar as estimativas, seja considerada na valoração e priorização de oportunidades. O método proposto estabelece um indicador de informação sísmica cujo valor traduz a confiabilidade das estimativas realizadas. Além disso, é proposta uma abordagem para estimar o valor da informação sísmica imperfeita para levantamentos futuros, incorporando-se a quantidade e a qualidade dos dados, o modelo geológico envolvido, a adequação e o desempenho da tecnologia utilizada e as características inerentes da bacia que afetam a qualidade da informação. A finalidade do método é subsidiar a priorização de projetos, fornecendo informações para a tomada de decisão consistente e com menor subjetividade. O estudo de caso apresentado mostra que a utilização do indicador pode alterar as prioridades na escolha das oportunidades, valorizando as estimativas mais confiáveis. / Abstract: The assessment of exploratory opportunity has a fundamental importance in the upstream oil industry due to a high number of projects and the limited budget from companies. The valuation of each project depends on the estimation of oil quantities from a given field which accuracy changes with the capacity of measure the reservoir size. In the last decades, the technological progress positioned seismic data as a significant source of information for opportunities. Therefore, it is necessary that the technology used to get information should be incorporated at assessment processo This dissertation presents a methodology by using an indicator of seismic information which its value gives a degree of confidence of the technological seismic option used. This methodology ,also develops an option to estimate the value of imperfect seismic information for new surveys through the inc1usion of the amount of data, data quality, the embedded geological model, the adequacy and performance ofthe technologyused and others characteristics inherent ofbasin such as noises low-velocity zone that can influence the quality datao The main goal of this methodology is to support the assessment and ranking of exploratory opportunities giving valuable information to the decision process in a consistent and standard formo A case study presented shows that the indicator presents good performance by adjusting the opportunities, considering the most reliable outcomes and improving the decision-making process. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientadores: João Marcos Travassos Romano, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T23:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanetti_RicardoAntonio_M.pdf: 21586747 bytes, checksum: 452b3dadea31fa37e922d925b45c10be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: : O Resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: : The complete Abstract is available with the full electronic / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica