Bakgrund: Smärta är en multidimensionell och subjektiv upplevelse som kan drabba alla människor. Smärta är den vanligaste orsaken till uppsökande av sjukvård samt orsakande av funktionsnedsättningar och oförmåga att arbeta. Personer med långvarig smärta måste självständigt utföra en stor del av sin behandling och omvårdnad i form av egenvård. Det ingår i sjuksköterskans uppdrag att uppmuntra och stödja patienter till att utföra egenvård, dock finns ingen entydig definition av begreppet egenvård. Syfte: Att redogöra för hur personer med långvarig smärtproblematik beskriver egenvård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativa och kvantitativa ansatser. Artiklarna togs fram via sökningar i databaserna CINAHL Complete och MEDLINE, och var publicerade mellan åren 2005-2015. Artiklarna har analyserats enligt Fribergs analysmetod. Resultat: Resultatet i litteraturöversikten presenterade att personer med långvarig smärta beskrev egenvård som multidimensionell. Egenvård ansågs bestå av personliga förmågor samt mentala och praktiska strategier. Personer med långvarig smärta ansåg även att utbildning och stöd ifrån hälso- och sjukvården var viktigt för utförandet av egenvård. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Dorothea Orems omvårdnadsteori om egenvårdsbalans samt vetenskapliga publiceringar. Egenvårdens innebörd för personer med långvarig smärta har jämförts med de olika definitioner av egenvård som tillämpas inom hälso- och sjukvården. Vidare har egenvårdsdefinitionernas betydelse för hälso- och sjukvårdens egenvårdsstödjande insatser diskuterats. / Background: Pain is a multidimensional and subjective experience that can affect anyone. Pain is the most common reason to seek medical care and is the main cause to disability and inability to work. People with chronic pain need to independently manage a large part of their treatment and care in the form of self-management. One part of the nursing role is to encourage and support patients to perform self-management, however there is no clear definition of the term self-management. Aim: To illustrate how people with chronic pain describes self-management. Method: The literature review was based on ten scientific articles, with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The articles were found through searches in the databases CINAHL Complete and MEDLINE, with publication between the years 2005-2015. The articles were analyzed using Fribergs method of analysis. Results: The literature review showed that people with chronic pain described that self-management was multidimensional. Self-management was considered to involve both personal abilities, mental and practical strategies. People with chronic pain also believed that education and support from healthcare was essential for self-management. Discussion: The result has been discussed against Dorothea Orems nursing theory about self-care and relevant scientific publications. The ​​meaning of self-management for people with chronic pain has been compared with various definitions of self-management that are applied in healthcare. Furthermore the definitions of self-management were put in relation to how the healthcare provide supporting self-management interventions.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Health Sciences)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD) are presently the main cause of high mortality rate around the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, CVDs contributes to about 13% of deaths, with 80% deaths being recorded from developing countries. Behavioural and metabolic risk factors contribute to high mortality rate related to development of CVD which self-management strategies and practices could effectively prevent. Objective: To explore and develop ―self-management strategies‖ to prevent the development of CVD among patients living with chronic conditions at Ga Molepo Area clinics in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: “A mixed method exploratory sequential design study was conducted in four primary health care settings in a rural setting.‖ A semi structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 43 patients selected by non-probability homogenous purposive sampling for a qualitative strand. Qualitative findings that was obtained with thematic ―Tesch‘s open coding data analysis method guided the quantitative strand‖. A simple random sampling was used to sample 347 respondents for the quantitative strand.Descriptive statistics and chi-square were applied to analyze data from the quantitative strand. ``Results: The qualitative results revealed that there is different self management strategies used by patients living with hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus as risk factors of CVDs. The self-management strategies include engaging in physical activity, eating a healthy balanced diet, drinking a lot of water and adhering to treatment. The quantitative revealed majority of participants(74%) perform mild exercises with 26% performing moderate exercis.On the other hand 7% are having stress and depression and while 7% are smoking.`` Conclusions:The findings indicated that by adopting self-management strategies could be an effective way of preventing the development of CVD which complicates to hypertension and diabetic mellitus .Therefore are encouraged to adhere to strategies adhere to treat,healthy diet and perform mild exercises Recommendations Hence, the government needs to appoint CHW permanently to strengthen the guidelines on the prevention of CVD and also the risk factors that put the communities at risk of developing CVD. Communities need to adhere to preventative strategies ti order prevent CVD. / SPICES Project - (Scaling -up Packages of Interventions for CVD prevention in Europe and sub-Saharan)