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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The role of task relevance in the modulation of brain dynamics during sensory predictions

Greco, Antonino 01 June 2021 (has links)
Associative learning is a fundamental ability biological systems possess in order to adapt to a nonstationary environment. One of the core aspects of associative learning theoretical frameworks is that surprising events drive learning by signalling the need to update the system’s beliefs about the probability structure governing stimuli associations. Specifically, the central neural system generates internal predictions to anticipate the causes of its perceptual experience and compute a prediction error to update its generative model of the environment, an idea generally known as the predictive coding framework. However, it is not clear whether the brain generates these predictions only for goal-oriented behavior or they are more a general characteristic of the brain function. In this thesis, I explored the role of task relevance in modulating brain activity when exposed to sensory associative learning task. In the first study, participants were asked to perform a perceptual detection task while audio-visual stimuli were presented as distractors. These distractors possessed a probability structure that made some of them more paired than others. Results showed that occipital activity triggered by the conditioned stimulus was elicited just before the arrival of the unconditioned visual stimulus. Moreover, occipital activity after the onset of the unconditioned stimulus followed a pattern of precision-weighted prediction errors. In the second study, two more sessions were added to the task in the previous study in which the probability structure for all stimuli associations was identical and the whole experiment was spanned in six days across two weeks. Results showed a difference in the modulation of the beta band induced by the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus preceded by the predictive and unpredictive conditioned auditory stimuli by comparing the pre and post sessions activity. In the third study, participants were exposed to a similar task with respect to the second study with the modification that there was a condition in which the conditioned-unconditioned stimulus association was task-relevant, thus allowing to directly compare task-relevant and task-irrelevant associations. Results showed that both types of associations had similar patterns in terms of activity and functional connectivity when comparing the brain responses to the onset of the unconditioned visual stimulus. Taken together, these findings demonstrate irrelevant associations rely on the same neural mechanisms of relevant ones. Thus, even if task relevance plays a modulatory role on the strength of the neural effects of associative learning, predictive processes take place in sensory associative learning regardless of task relevance.
2

Action-effect prediction in intention-based and stimulus-driven actions : an exploration of the ideomotor theory and of the brain free-energy principle / La prédiction des effets sensoriels des actions auto-générées : vers une harmonisation de la théorie idéomotrice et du principe de l'énergie cérébrale libre

Le Bars, Solène 28 November 2017 (has links)
Les actions motrices humaines peuvent être envisagées comme étant soit volontaires, c'est-à-dire intérieurement déclenchées afin d’atteindre un certain but, soit réactives, c'est-à-dire extérieurement déclenchées par des stimuli environnementaux. Cette dissociation a notamment été proposée au sein de la théorie idéomotrice suggérant que la réalisation d'actions volontaires repose sur notre capacité à prédire les conséquences sensorielles de nos actions, grâce aux associations action-effet qui sont acquises avec l'expérience. Selon les modèles computationnels tels que le principe de minimisation de l’énergie libre, la prédiction sensorielle est également considérée comme un processus majeur de la perception et du contrôle moteur, indépendamment du type d’action. Dès lors, les études visant à explorer la prédiction sensorielle liée au contrôle moteur ont systématiquement minimisé la distinction potentielle entre deux types d'actions plus ou moins indépendantes. Dans la présente thèse, nous nous sommes principalement attelés à tester la théorie idéomotrice originale qui suggère une implication supérieure de la prédiction sensorielle dans les actions intentionnelles par rapport à des actions plus réactives. Nous avons réalisé ce travail selon trois axes : (1) À travers des expériences comportementales, nous avons cherché à préciser à quel(s) stade(s) moteur(s) la prédiction de l'effet de l'action pouvait être associée, dans les actions intentionnelles d’une part et dans les actions davantage réactives d’autre part, afin de pouvoir dissocier la dynamique temporelle de la prédiction sensorielle au sein de ces deux catégories d'actions. (2) En tirant parti des postulats dérivés des approches computationnelles, nous avons utilisé l'EEG pour explorer d'abord le niveau d'erreur de prédiction liée aux effets sensoriels imprévisibles ou mal-prédits afin de dissocier ces deux types d'événements non prédits au niveau neural. Par la suite, nous avons étudié si les marqueurs EEG de la prédiction sensorielle (c'est-à-dire l'erreur de prédiction et l'atténuation sensorielle) étaient modulés par le type d'action déclenchant l'effet sensoriel. (3) Enfin, nous avons examiné si des variations dans le processus de prédiction des effets de l'action pouvaient être associés à certains déficits moteurs dans la maladie de Parkinson et à des tendances impulsives mesurées chez des participants sains, pour éventuellement conférer une dimension clinique au processus de prédiction sensorielle. Nos résultats ont démontré (1) que la dynamique temporelle de la prédiction des effets de l'action semble effectivement dépendre du type d'action, en étant liée aux étapes précoces et tardives de la préparation motrice des actions intentionnelles, mais seulement aux étapes tardives de la préparation motrice des actions réactives. Nous avons également montré que (2) les événements mal prédits généraient une erreur de prédiction plus importante comparativement à des événements imprévisibles. Par ailleurs, les marqueurs EEG de la prédiction sensorielle étaient plus prononcés pour les effets auditifs déclenchés par des actions intentionnelles par rapport aux effets auditifs déclenchés par des actions réactives. Enfin, nos résultats ont permis de démontrer que (3) le processus de prédiction sensorielle semble être altéré lors de la réalisation d’actions intentionnelles chez des patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson, et que les marqueurs EEG de la prédiction d’effets auditifs déclenchés par des actions intentionnelles sont modulés par les tendances impulsives d’individus sains. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats soutiennent l’existence d’une dissociation fonctionnelle entre actions intentionnelle et réactive, et sont également cohérents avec la version originale de la théorie idéomotrice étant donné que la prédiction sensorielle semble être impliquée plus tôt et plus fortement dans les actions intentionnelles que dans les actions réactives. (…) / Motor actions can be classified as being either intention-based, i.e. internally triggered in order to reach a certain goal, or either stimulus-driven, i.e. externally triggered in order to accommodate to environmental events. This elementary dissociation was notably theorized within the original ideomotor theory stating that performing intention-based actions relies on our capacity to predict the sensory consequences of our actions, due to action-effect associations learnt through experience. In recent neurocomputational models such as the brain free-energy principle, this sensory prediction is considered as a key process of overall sensorium and motor control, regardless the action type. Henceforth, experiments studying sensory prediction related to motor control have systematically minimized the potential distinction between two more or less independent action types. In the current thesis, we mainly attempted to address this issue by testing the original ideomotor viewpoint, suggesting a superior involvement of action-effect prediction in intention-based actions compared to more reactive actions. We achieved this work according to three axes: (1) Through behavioural experiments, we aimed at clarifying which motor stage(s) action-effect prediction is related to, within intention-based actions and within stimulus-driven actions, in order to potentially dissociate the temporal dynamics of action-effect prediction in these two categories of actions. (2) Taking advantage from assumptions derived from neurocomputational approaches, we used EEG to first explore the level of prediction error related to unpredicted vs. mispredicted auditory events in order to dissociate these two types of nonpredicted events at a neural level. Then, we investigated whether EEG markers of sensory prediction (i.e., prediction error and sensory attenuation) were modulated by the kind of action triggering the sensory effect. (3) Finally, we intended to examine whether action-effect prediction variations could be linked to motor deficits in Parkinson's disease on the one hand, and to impulsivity tendencies in healthy participants on the other hand, for possibly yielding a clinical dimension to the sensory prediction process. Our findings demonstrated (1) the temporal dynamics of action-effect prediction seems to depend on the action kind, being linked to both early and late stages of motor preparation of intention-based actions and only to late stages of motor preparation of stimulus-driven actions. We also showed that (2) mispredicted events were linked to enhanced prediction error compared to unpredicted events, and that EEG markers of sensory prediction were more pronounced for auditory effects triggered by intention-based actions compared to auditory effects triggered by stimulus-driven actions. Then, our results sustained that (3) the action-effect prediction process seems to be impaired for intention-based actions in Parkinson's disease, and that EEG markers of sensory prediction for effects triggered by intention-based actions are modulated by impulsiveness tendencies in healthy participants. Altogether, our findings are consistent with the original version of the ideomotor theory given the action-effect prediction appeared to be earlier and stronger involved in intention-based actions compared to stimulus-driven actions. Our EEG data also modernized the ideomotor principle, reconciling it with neurocomputational approaches of sensory prediction. Finally, the clinical exploration of the action-effect prediction process in pathologies affecting motor control appeared promising to understand intermediate neurocognitive processes which are involved in motor symptoms or characteristics.

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