Ein adäquater Impfschutz gehört zu den wichtigsten präventiven Maßnahmen für das Personal im Gesundheitsdienst, inklusive der Medizinstudenten. Einerseits werden die Geimpften vor der Ansteckung geschützt, andererseits wird die Übertragung von impfpräventablen Infektionen durch medizinisches Personal auf Patienten vermieden. Im Rahmen des verpflichtenden Praktikums Impfkurs an der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg wurde von 2004 bis 2014 der Impfstatus von Medizinstudenten im sechsten Semester erfasst. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, herauszufinden, welchen Impfschutz Medizinstudenten im sechsten Semester an der Universität Würzburg gegen die impfpräventablen Erkrankungen (IPIE) Tetanus, Diphtherie, Pertussis, Masern, Mumps, Röteln, Varizellen und Hepatitis B aufweisen. Dazu wurden von April 2004 bis September 2014 Daten von insgesamt 1388 Medizinstudenten ausgewertet. Im Einzelnen wurden Daten zur Impfanamnese zu allen genannten IPIE ausgewertet, die Erkrankungsanamnese bei Varizellen und serologische Daten zu den IPIE Röteln, Varizellen und Hepatitis B. Die Besonderheit dieser Arbeit ist die Datenerfassung über einen sehr langen Zeitraum und die Verfügbarkeit von anamnestischen Angaben zum Impfstatus als auch die serologi-schen Befunde aus Blutentnahmen, die im Impfkurs durchgeführt wurden. Ergänzend wurde im WS 2014/15 vor Stattfinden des Impfkurses eine Befragung zum Wissensstand und zur Impfmotivation durchgeführt. Ein hoher Anteil der Studenten hatte keinen den STIKO-Empfehlungen entsprechenden vollständigen Impfstatus gegen die untersuchten IPIE. Der höchste Anteil lag hier bei Pertussis (76%). Etwa ein Viertel der Studenten konnte keine genaue Aussage machen, ob sie eine frühere Varizellenerkrankung durchgemacht hatten. Etwa 5% der Studenten wiesen zudem einen negativen Serostatus für die untersuchten IPIE auf (außer bei Varizellen). Bei Studenten, die keine Impfungen erhalten hatten, waren zu 13% (Masern) bis 68% (Hepatitis B) keine Antikörper nachweisbar. Studenten, die einen den STIKO-Empfehlungen entsprechenden vollständigen Impfstatus bzw. anamnestisch eine frühere Varizellenerkrankung aufwiesen, hatten zu 81% (Hepatitis B) bis 98% (Varizellen) einen positiven Antikörpertiter. Die Geschlechterunterschiede waren beim Röteln-Impfstatus und Röteln-Serostatus am deutlichsten. 30% der Männer hatten bisher keine Röteln-Impfung erhalten und 12% der Männer wiesen einen negativen Röteln-Serostatus auf. Die Bereitschaft der Studenten, im Impfkurs eine Nachholimpfung durchführen zu lassen, war sehr hoch. So konnten im Impfkurs bestehende Impflücken geschlossen werden. Die Kosten für die Impfstoffe übernahm die Universität Würzburg. Des Weiteren konnte durch den Fragebogen zum Wissensstand über Impfprävention und zur Impfmotivation nachgewiesen werden, dass die Studenten nicht ausreichend über IPIE informiert sind. Dies wurde besonders dadurch deutlich, dass die Studenten das Ansteckungsrisiko von Hepatitis B mit 64,4% als hoch oder sehr hoch einschätzten und damit überschätzten und die IPIE Varizellen und Pertussis in ihrem Übertragungsrisiko mit 56,2% und 15,1% zu niedrig einschätzten und damit unterschätzten. Interessant ist, dass die Medizinstudenten in der Befragung das Nebenwirkungsrisiko von Impfungen als gering einschätzten. Die Angst vor Nebenwirkungen scheint kaum eine Rolle bei der Entscheidung zu spielen, ob die Medizinstudenten eine Impfung durchführen lassen oder nicht. In Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse lässt sich sagen, dass es Nachholbedarf zum Erlangen eines den STIKO-Empfehlungen entsprechenden Impfschutzes für Medizinstudenten gibt. An erster Stelle sind die Studenten selbst für ihren Impfstatus verant-wortlich. An zweiter Stelle sollten jedoch die Universität, an der die Studenten ihr Medizinstudium absolvieren, sowie das Lehrkrankenhaus an welchem die Studenten ihre praktische Ausbildung erhalten, sich für den Impfschutz ihrer Studenten verantwortlich fühlen; zum einen im Sinne des Schutzes ihrer Auszubildenden und Praktikanten, zum anderen im Interesse des Schutzes ihrer Patienten vor der Ansteckung mit impfpräventablen Erkrankungen. Medizinstudenten in die Definition „medizinisches Personal“ ein-zuschließen, kann für einen besseren Anschluss an den Betriebsärztlichen Dienst des Lehrkrankenhauses sorgen. Zudem ist die Erstellung von speziellen Impfempfehlungen für Medizinstudenten sinnvoll um einen adäquaten Schutz gegen IPIE zu erzielen. Die Kostenübernahme für Impfungen für Medizinstudenten muss hierfür geklärt werden. Veranstaltungen, wie der verpflichtende Impfkurs an der Universität Würzburg bieten in der medizinischen Ausbildung die doppelte Chance, den Wissensstand von Medizinstudenten über Impfungen und impfpräventable Infektionserkrankungen zu verbessern und Impflücken zu schließen. / Adequate immunization is one of the most important preventive measures for health care staff, including medical students. On the one hand, the vaccinated are protected from infection, on the other hand, the transfer of vaccine-preventable infections by medical staff on patients is avoided. As part of the mandatory internship vaccination course at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, the vaccination status of medical students in the sixth semester was recorded from 2004 to 2014. The aim of this dissertation was to find out, which vaccination protection medical students in the sixth semester at the University of Würzburg have against the vaccine preventable diseases (IPIE) tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and hepatitis B. For this purpose, data from a total of 1388 medical students were analyzed from April 2004 to September 2014. In detail, data on the vaccine history for all IPIEs mentioned, the disease history in varicella and serological data on the IPIE rubella, varicella and hepatitis B were evaluated. The Special feature of this dissertation is the data collection over a very long period and the availability of anamnestic information on vaccination status as also the serological findings from blood samples taken in the vaccination course. In addition, a survey on the state of knowledge and vaccination motivation was conducted in the winter semester 2014/15 before the vaccination course took place. A high proportion of students did not have a complete vaccination status against the IPIE under the STIKO recommendations. The highest share was in pertussis (76%). About a quarter of the students could not pinpoint whether they had undergone a previous varicella disease. About 5% of the students also had a negative serostatus for the examined IPIE (except for varicella). In the case of students who did not receive vaccinations, 13% (measles) to 68% (hepatitis B) had no detectable antibodies. Students who had a complete vaccination status according to the STIKO recommendations or an earlier history of varicella disease had 81% (hepatitis B) to 98% (varicella) positive antibody titers. Gender differences were most pronounced in rubella vaccine status and rubella serological status. 30% of the men had not received any rubella vaccine and 12% of the men had a negative rubella serological status. The readiness of the students to receive a catch-up vaccination during the vaccination course was very high. That way missing vaccinations could be caught up. The costs of the vaccines were covered by the University of Würzburg. Furthermore, the questionnaire on the state of knowledge about vaccination prevention and vaccination motivation proved that the students are not sufficiently informed about IPIE. This was particularly evident in the fact that the students rated the risk of infection of hepatitis B as high or very high at 64.4% and thereby overestimated and rated the IPIE varicella and pertussis too low in their transmission risk at 56.2% and 15.1% and thus underestimated. It is interesting that the medical students in the survey rated the risk of side effects of vaccinations as low. The fear of side effects seems to play little part in deciding whether medical students will be vaccinated or not. In summary it can be said that there is an urgent demand to obtain a vaccine protection for medical students that complies with the STIKO recommendations. First and foremost, the students themselves are responsible for their vaccination status. In the second place, however, the university where the students graduate from medical school and the teaching hospital where the students receive their practical training should feel responsible for the vaccination of their students; on the one hand in the interests of protecting their trainees and interns, and on the other in the interest of protecting their patients from infection with vaccine-preventable diseases. Including medical students in the definition of "medical personnel" can provide a better connection to the Occupational Health Service of the teaching hospital. In addition, the creation of special vaccination recommendations for medical students makes sense to achieve adequate protection against IPIE. It must be clarified who covers the costs of vaccinations for medical students. Events such as the obligatory vaccination course at the University of Würzburg offer a double chance in medical education to improve the level of knowledge of medical students about vaccinations and vaccine preventable infectious diseases and to catch up on missing vaccinations.

Although data shows that the incidence of HIV in India is falling, it is still a prevailing disease in India. The lack of knowledge about HIV and risky behaviors greatly influence the role of HIV transmission among the Indian population. These factors also contribute to the numbers of new HIV infections caused by unprotected sex, which account for 90% of the new HIV infections. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among the people living with HIV/AIDS also play an important role in HIV transmission. This study was conducted to explore the association between selected demographic variables on HIV related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among people living in five high HIV prevalence states in India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, and Tamil Nadu). This study also examined the association between HIV infection status and HIV related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in those five states. The data used in this study was from 2005-2006 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) collected for India. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to study the association. The results showed that the proportion of people with “high HIV related knowledge” was greater than those who have “low HIV related Knowledge”. However, the proportion of people with “comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention and transmission” was less. Similarly, a higher proportion of the study population showed “HIV/AIDS related positive attitudes”, however, the proportion of the study population with all 4 positive attitudes towards People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) was lower. Increase in highest education level and wealth was found to be significantly associated with the “high HIV related knowledge”, “have comprehensive knowledge”, “have HIV related positive attitudes”, “have accepting attitudes towards PLHA”, and HIV related “less risky behaviors”. The data has shown that HIV positive males were more likely to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV prevention and transmission compared to HIV positive female. The study also showed that HIV positive individuals were more likely to have all 4 positive attitudes towards PLHA and they were likely to have more risky behaviors, although not statistically significant.

A decline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence rates have been observed among females ages 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years in Zimbabwe between 2005 and 2010. However, for males 15 to 19 years, rising trends were observed, whereas for males ages 20 to 24 years, rates fluctuated between 2005 and 2011. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine relationships between sexual behaviors and practices and HIV prevalence among young males and females ages 15 to 24 years in Zimbabwe. Guided by constructs of proximate determinants framework, extracted data from two National Demographic Health surveys of 2005/06 and 2010/11 were analyzed using chi square and binary logistic regression. This study revealed that sexual practices, relationship status, and education status increase the odds of being HIV positive differently among 15 to 19-year-olds and 20 to 24-year-olds based on gender and changes through time. Significant relationship existed between HIV positive serostatus and total number of life time partners among females 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years; lack of condom use among males 20 to 24 years in 2005/06; early sexual debut and lower education status among females 20 to 24 years; and being widowed, separated, or divorced among males and females 20 to 24 years in 2010/11. The Odds of being HIV positive for males ages 15 to 19 years was not predicted by sexual practice, creating a need for future study. This study can contribute to positive social change by providing information about the associations between HIV serostatus and the assessed risk factors, which may help promote awareness about HIV infection risk, thereby helping develop and implement targeted public health interventions to reduce the burden of HIV.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Sexual communication with partners informs risk assessment and sexual practices. We evaluated participant, partner, and network factors associated with communication about condom use and HIV serostatus and explored their relationships with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) among 446 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 122 transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru. Generalized estimating equations assessed contextual influences on communication and practices with recent sexual partners. More frequent HIV communication was reported by MSM who: identified as heterosexual, compared to bisexual or gay; characterized partnerships as stable, compared to casual, anonymous, or commercial; or discussed HIV/STIs with close social contacts (p < 0.05). TW in concurrent partnerships discussed condom use more frequently than those in monogamous relationships (p < 0.05). Condom use discussions and alcohol use among MSM were associated with CAI (p < 0.05). Findings highlight complexity in sexual decision-making and call for further study of conversation content and practices to inform HIV prevention messaging. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares