Master of Science / Food Science Institute, Animal Science and Industry / Karen A. Schmidt / Yogurt is a good source of whey proteins, which have been reported to provide positive health benefits. During yogurt manufacture, the yogurt mix receives a heat treatment which pasteurizes the product, denatures the whey proteins affecting their availability, and enhances quality attributes. Thus the objective of this research was to improve the undenatured whey protein content in yogurt. The study was divided in two parts. The first part focused on the effect of pasteurization treatments of yogurt mixes (65 °C for 30 min vs. 90 °C for 10 min) on the yogurt firmness, G’, L*, syneresis and water holding capacity (WHC), and how these properties change as a function of storage. Nonfat dry milk (NFDM) was reconstituted (~11% w/v) pasteurized, cooled, inoculated with yogurt culture, incubated to pH 4.5, stored at 5 °C ±1 and evaluated for various physical and chemical properties on days 1, 15 and 29. The experiment was replicated 3 times and data were analyzed by SAS®. Yogurt samples had a 5-fold difference in whey protein denaturation (WPD) and the greater the WPD the greater the firmness, G’, L* and WHC but lesser the syneresis. During yogurt storage, L*, G’, syneresis and WHC increased. The second part of this research focused on whey protein concentrate (WPC) addition (3%) in yogurt mix combined with two pasteurization treatments (70 °C for 30 min vs. 90 °C for 10 min) to determine their effects on the yogurt quality. Yogurt mixes were formulated using 12.5% NFDM or 9.5% NFDM and 3% WPC and a procedure similar to the previous study was followed. The WPC addition resulted in a yogurt with decreased firmness, G’, WHC but increased syneresis. Yogurt made from mixes pasteurized at 90 °C for 10 min had ~60% WPD and comparable quality attributes regardless of WPC addition. Thus, additional WPC and less WPD in this study resulted in a yogurt with slightly lesser quality attributes but more undenatured whey proteins in the final yogurt.

Orientador: Mirna Lucia Gigante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hatanaka_CamilaLie_M.pdf: 549349 bytes, checksum: c5f48036602609500f035f399d2cb21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Atualmente a adição de hidrocolóides é um recurso utilizado em produtos lácteos para modificar a textura ou evitar defeitos como a sinérese. Hidrocolóides são utilizados como agentes espessantes, gelificantes e estabilizantes, e podem apresentar características sinérgicas quando utilizados em conjunto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de goma tara e carragena sobre a sinérese do iogurte firme desnatado. Os iogurtes foram fabricados com leite desnatado reconstituído adicionado de goma tara e carragena, em concentrações variando de 0 a 0,0585%, em combinações previstas pela metodologia de superfície de resposta. Após aproximadamente 48 horas de armazenamento refrigerado, determinou-se a composição dos iogurtes e a sinérese, que foi avaliada de três formas distintas: sinérese espontânea, por drenagem e por centrifugação. A goma tara afetou significativamente a sinérese do produto, que aumentou em concentrações superiores a 0,0293%, independentemente da sua forma de avaliação. A sinérese não foi significativamente afetada pela adição de carragena e nem pela interação entre os polissacarídeos. As concentrações escolhidas para fabricação e avaliação dos iogurtes durante o armazenamento refrigerado (29 dias) foram iogurte controle (sem adição de polissacarídeos), iogurte com 0,02% de goma tara e iogurte com 0,02% de tara + 0,02% de carragena. Após aproximadamente 24 horas os iogurtes foram avaliados quanto à composição centesimal. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado, após 1, 8, 15, 22 e 29 dias de fabricação os produtos foram avaliados quanto à sinérese espontânea, firmeza, e pH para acompanhamento da pós-acidificação. A sinérese espontânea foi significativamente afetada pelos tratamentos, sendo que a menor liberação de soro foi observada para o iogurte fabricado com goma tara e carragena, enquanto que o iogurte que continha apenas goma tara apresentou maior sinérese. A firmeza foi significativamente afetada pelos tratamentos. O iogurte fabricado com goma tara e carragena apresentou menor firmeza quando comparado ao iogurte controle, sendo que ambos não diferiram significativamente do iogurte fabricado com goma tara. Durante o tempo de armazenamento refrigerado a firmeza dos iogurtes aumentou significativamente. Os tratamentos afetaram significativamente a pós-acidificação dos iogurtes, sendo que o iogurte controle apresentou menor pH quando comparado ao iogurte fabricado com adição de goma tara e carragena. O pH de todos os produtos diminuiu significativamente nos primeiros 8 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, mantendo-se estável após esse período / Abstract: Nowadays, the hydrocolloids addition is an applied mean to modify the texture or to avoid defects, such as syneresis, in dairy products. Hydrocolloids can be utilized as thickening, gelling and stabilizing agents, and can show synergistic features when applied along each other. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of addition of tara gum and carrageenan on the syneresis of non-fat set yogurt. Non-fat reconstituted milk added with carrageenan and tara gum in concentrations from 0 to 0.0585%, at combinations given by response surface methodology, was used. Composition and syneresis (spontaneous, by drainage, and by centrifugation) evaluations were done after 48 hours of cold storage. Tara gum significantly affected the syneresis, increasing it in concentrations higher than 0.0293%, independent of the type of syneresis evaluation. The effects of carrageenan and polysaccharides¿ interaction on the syneresis were not significative. The concentrations evaluated during 29 days were control yogurt (no polysaccharide addition), yogurt with 0.02% of tara gum and yogurt with 0.02% of tara gum and 0.02% of carrageenan. Composition was evaluated approximately after 24 hours. The pH (for post-acidification evaluation), spontaneous syneresis and firmness were evaluated during the cold storage at 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days after manufacture of yogurts. Natural syneresis was affected by the treatments and yogurt with tara gum and carrageenan showed the lowest whey-off, while the yogurt containing only tara gum showed the highest syneresis. Firmness was significantly affected by treatments. The lowest firmness was observed in yogurt containing carrageenan and tara gum, when compared to control yogurt, but both yogurts didn't differed from yogurt containing only tara gum. Yogurt firmness increased during cold storage. Regarding the post-acidification, the treatments significantly affected the pH and the control yogurt showed the lowest pH, if compared to yogurt manufactured with tara gum and carrageenan. The pH of all yogurts significantly decreased at the first eight days of cold storage, stabilizing during cold storage / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos