The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of client gender and counselor gender on the counselor's perception of the psychological attributes of the client. The hypotheses were stated in the null form.Fifty-six subjects volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were first stratified into groups of equal size according to gender. Utilizing a table of random numbers, one-half of the female subjects was assigned to the female client treatment group, and the other half of the female subjects was assigned to the male client treatment group. The same procedure was utilized in assigning the male subjects to the two treatment groups. These procedures resulted in four groups, each containing fourteen persons. The subjects were all students in master's level classes in counseling, enrolled in Ball Stated University's European Program.The clients in the study were portrayed by two individuals, one male and one female, who presented the same text dealing with personal and professional issues. This role-play, recorded in color on video-film, was presented to the subjects as a client discussing personal issues. Each subject viewed either the male or the female client on video-film.The counselor's perception of the client's psychological attributes was measured by comparing the number of favorable versus the number of unfavorable adjectives of the Adjective Check List (ACL), which, for purposes of this study, was utilized as an observer report. All subjects were tested during the Summer Quarter of 1982, utilizing a Posttest-Only Control Group Design.Hypothesis I was tested by means of a Two-way Analysis of Variance. The results of the first hypothesis were not significant at the .05 level, and the null hypothesis was not rejected. Hypothesis II was also tested through a Two-way Analysis of Variance, and the results were significant at the .05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis for the second hypothesis was rejected. Hypothesis III was tested through a One-way Analysis of Variance, and the results were also significant at the .05 level. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected.

There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

This dissertation is an ethnographic and genealogical study of leftist feminist subjectivity in the wake of the Islamic Revival in contemporary Morocco. It draws on two years (2004-2006) of field research amongst founding members of the Moroccan feminist movement whose activism emerged out of their immersion in and subsequent disenchantment with leftist and Marxist politics in the early 1980s. Based on ethnographic observations and detailed life histories, it explores how Moroccan feminists of this generation came to be constituted as particular kinds of modern leftist subjects who: 1) discursively construct "tradition" as a problem, even while positively invoking it and drawing on its internal resources; 2) posit themselves as "guardians of modernity" despite struggling with modernity's constitutive contradictions; and 3) are unable to parochialize their own normative assumptions about progress, modernity, freedom, the body, and religion in their encounter with a new generation of women who wear the hijab. How and why a strong commitment to ideas associated with modernity, with women's rights and with the left is seen as necessitating a condemnation and disavowal of "traditional" and of non-secular ways of being is one of the main themes animating this project. If I pay particular attention to the affective, visceral and embodied nature of these repudiations, it is to argue that modern political subjectivity operates not simply at the level of ideas but at a more complex register that is made manifest by the difficulties entailed in inter-subjective and inter-generational engagements. At the same time I draw inspiration from the work of feminist scholars and political theorists to argue for a more generous and unthreatened relationship to difference — one that is able to reconcile itself both with the past (tradition) and with the future (new generations). By analyzing the conundrums and aporias of contemporary Moroccan leftist feminist politics, this dissertation seeks to participate in thinking about modernity and feminism in non-teleological ways, and to contribute to an anthropology of modern power and of leftist/progressive political subjectivity.

Studies of the transformation of Iranian society after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and its impact on the position of the Iranian woman have revealed that three and a half decades of efforts by the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) to institutionalize an archaic image of the ideal Muslim woman have produced results contrary to what was intended. The expansion of women's education in post-revolutionary Iran identified as an unintended consequence of the revolution has been empowering women against the IRI's misogynistic ideology. A feminist movement based on the evolution of female consciousness and an unprecedented solidarity among previously divided secular and religious women has emerged as another medium of resistance. This study augments the research in this field by examining modifications in the education system following the revolution. A critical content analysis of elementary school textbooks issued by the Pahlavi and the IRI assesses the way in which each regime sought to impart its gender ideology to young girls. The eradication of coeducation and institution of single-sex schooling at the pre- university level is investigated as a factor in combating the constraints imposed by patriarchal laws on the female population. The conclusion is offered that the IRI may have unwittingly undermined its own agenda for women in promulgating such seemingly outdated decrees. Finally, this dissertation examines women's publications of the Pahlavi and IRI periods, emphasizing the pioneering role of one particular feminist publication in presenting a universal feminist ideology.

Recently Sandra Bem, a psychologist at Stanford University has written about the importance of developing a conception of mental health which is free from culturally imposed definitions of masculinity and femininity. She believes that defining certain behaviors as appropriate only for women and other behaviors as only appropriate for men is restricting and debilitating for both sexes. This sex-typing of behaviors has led to masculinity being associated with assertiveness and dominance, pragmatism, problem solving and task orientation, and a concern for one's individuality, whereas femininity is associated with emotional sensitivity and concern for the welfare of others, the seeking of harmony between oneself and others, and passivity. This study looks at the relationships between masculinity, femininity, anxiety and empathy. Specifically of concern is whether “Androgyny”, a new sex role, seems to be less debilitating and restricting than the traditional “Masculine” and “Feminine” roles as measured by anxiety and empathy scores. The sex role categories of Bem which are used in this study are derived from the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The categories are: 1) “Masculine" referring to someone scoring high in masculinity and low in femininity, 2) “Feminine” referring to someone scoring high in femininity and low in masculinity, 3) “Androgynous” referring to someone scoring high in both masculinity and femininity, and 4) “Undifferentiated” referring to someone scoring low in both masculinity and femininity. All the masculine-feminine (M-F) scales referred to in the following studies give measures corresponding to Bem's categories of “Feminine” and “Masculine”. In traditional M-F scales scoring high in femininity is equivalent to a “Feminine” sex role and scoring high in masculinity is equivalent to a "Masculine" sex role. The reason for this is that traditional M-F scales are structured so that masculinity and femininity are opposite poles on the same dimension and therefore as one moves toward greater femininity one also moves away from masculinity and vice versa. Bem’s inventory, however, is constructed so that masculinity and femininity are orthogonal dimensions. This allows for the development of two other possible sex roles: “Androgynous” and “Undifferentiated”. No predictions will be made about the latter category.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-82). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the willingness of people to consider nontraditional sex roles, and to determine whether males and females were more prone to consider nontraditional sex roles when the person attempting to influence them was male or female. It was hypothesized that individuals can be influenced to consider nontraditional sex roles, and that male presenters would have greater impact than female presenters. It was also hypothesized that male presenters would be perceived as more credible and more adequate.The subjects were 93 undergraduate students, 42 males and 51 females, who volunteered to participate in the study, and were told that they would be "helping us to evaluate what and who should be included in a presentation for a national convention as well as a seminar on campus." They were divided into two groups on the basis of sex and then were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: one of two female speakers, one of two male speakers, and the control or music group.Subjects were given written explanations of the "project'' and written background information about the audiotapes to which they listened. Treatment groups listened to a tape containing either a male or a female advocating nontraditional sex roles while control subjects listened to a tape of music. After listening to the tapes, the treatment subjects responded to two semantic differential instruments (Quality of Presentation, and Person), and a generalized reaction questionnaire (which was essentially part of the deception). They then responded (by raising their hands to indicate yes or no) to three verbal questions concerning their commitment to their attitudes. They were then administered the final questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS).After listening to the tape of music, the control subjects completed one semantic differential instrument (Quality of Performance), a generalized reaction questionnaire, and the AWS. They were given no verbal questions. All of the subjects were immediately debriefed together.Three analyses of variance and a series of univariate contrasts were performed on the primary dependent measure, the AWS, with significance being sought at the .05 level. Results indicated that the treatment was not effective. However, female subjects scored significantly higher (more liberal) than male subjects (F = 23.77, p < .001), and the male presenters as a group were more effective than the female presenters (F = 4.18, p < .05), and by extrapolation, more effective than the control condition.Multivariate analyses of variance and multivariate contrasts were performed on the secondary dependent measures, the semantic differential instruments (which were equally divided into three factors: activity, evaluation, and potency). There were no significant differences in the ratings given to male and female presenters. There was, however, a significant difference between the two female presenters on the activity factor (F = 8.49, p < .05). In addition, it appears that female subjects rated the presenters significantly higher (F = 7.29, p G .05) on the activity factor than did male subjects, and by contrast, male subjects gave higher ratings (F = 6.91, p < .05) on the evaluation factor than did female subjects.Two secondary analyses were performed on supplemental data that had been collected. The first analysis indicated that subjects' scores on the AWS were significantly correlated (r = -.1828, p < .05) with how close they said the presenters' views were to their own. The closer they perceived the views to be, the higher their AWS score. In the second analysis the subjects' answersto the three public commitment questions were compared with (1) the sex of the subjects, and (2) the individual presenters. There was a significant difference in the subsects' desires to meet the various speakers (X2 = 11.412, p < .05), emphasizing earlier trends indicating differences among the individual presenters.The recommendation was made for additional research in the area of influencing people to consider more flexible, nontraditional sex roles, and how responses are affected by the gender of the people involved. Investigations using a larger number of presenters, and more impactfully devised modes of treatment were suggested.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-307). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. D51549/84.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International.