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Clouding power? Rain-control, Space, Landscapes and Ideology in Shashe-Limpopo State FormationSchoeman, Maria Hendrieka 14 February 2007 (has links)
Student Number : 8905619P -
PhD thesis -
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies -
Faculty of Humanities / In this thesis I identify and clarify the archaeological signature of rain-control sites
in the Shashe-Limpopo Confluence Area (SLCA). I use a landscape-based
approach to investigate rain-control in the ideology of SLCA farming
communities. I investigate the archaeology of ritual by viewing rain-control as
materialised ideology. Using this insight, I examine the material culture and
spatial manifestation of rain-control, the transition from ritual to residential sites,
and how these transitions articulated with the ritualised landscape.
Specifically, I explore the local manifestation of rain-control and its relationship
with the ideologies of farming communities in the period leading up to SLCA state
formation, between AD 1000 and AD 1250. I also scrutinize the relationship of
the Leopard’s Kopje elite with hunter-gatherers and other farming people on the
same landscape, as this relationship was partly grounded in ritual and raincontrol.
Furthermore, this thesis explores the ideological roots of the Mapungubwe state.
The ideology manifest in the location of the Mapungubwe royal residential area
germinated during the K2 occupation. In this period rain-control was slowly
removed from nature and located in farmer society. The final step in this course
was nationalising rain-control and locating it on Mapungubwe hill. Initially,
however, rain-controllers resisted this centralisation.
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Understanding the socio-political status of Leokwe society during the Middle Iron Age in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin through a landscape approachDu Piesanie, Justine 22 May 2009 (has links)
Calabrese (2005) identified two distinct ceramics styles in the Shashe-
Limpopo basin at the same time – Leokwe and K2. This is the first record of ethnicity
in the Iron Age of southern Africa.
With this identification come new avenues for research. How these groups
interacted, and their relative status through time is the focus of my research.
According to Calabrese, some Leokwe groups maintained a higher, or at least
equal status on initial contact with K2, before K2 became the dominant political
group. He bases this claim on the identification of what he terms ‘Elite Symbolic
Objects’ at sites, such as Castle Rock.
Using GIS, it is clear that the locale of sites differ within the landscape.
Specifically, locations vary through time on the escarpment and floodplain and their
relationship to primary and secondary resources. This variation suggests that access
to resources was controlled, and this implication influences ones assessment of the
relative status of K2 and Leokwe groups.
Additionally, new excavations at Castle Rock call into question the validity of
‘elite symbolic objects’ in determining status.
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