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Orientador: Sandro D, Mancini / Banca: Sandra Andrea Cruz / Banca: Rogerio Scatena Biscaro / Resumo: O processo de fabricação das pás de turbinas eólicas envolve a colagem de estruturas fabricadas em plásticos reforçados com fibra de vidro. Neste trabalho foram analisadas os três principais tipos de adesivos estruturais utilizados pelos fabricante de pás (epóxi, poliuretano e metil-metacrilato), com o objetivo de desenvolver critérios que auxiliem na seleção de adesivos e de tratamentos superficiais aplicados às estrutuaras a serem coladas. A caracterização dos adesivos envolveu dois tipos de ensaios mecânicos: o cisalhamento de juntas de sobreposição simples e a clivagem de juntas adesivas. Dois tipos de tratamento das superfícies dos aderentes foram utilizados: camada de sacrifício removível (peel-ply) e abrasão. Também foi realizada a análise dos modos de falha das juntas ensaiadas como auxílio de compatibilidade entre adesivo e substrato. Os resultados mostram que o tratamento via peel-ply foi o mais eficiente para as juntas coladas com epóxi e testadas em cisalhamento, ao apresentar um aumento de 28% na resistência em relação às superfícies sem tratamento. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura sugerem que esse tratamento gerou uma área maior de contato em relação à superfície não tratada e que causou menos danos à superfície do aderente do que o método abrasivo. Os grupos colados com adesivo metil metacrilato, independentemente do tipo de tratamento, obtiveram os maiores valores nos ensaios de clivagem, cerca de 170% superiores aos demais grupos. Para estruturas de pás corretamente projetadas para evitar cargas de peeling em suas juntas adesivas, este trabalho mostra que a melhor opção são aderentes tratados com peel-ply e colados com epóxi. Contudo, um plano de testes deve ser elaborado sempre que houver a necessidade do emprego de um novo adesivo ou método de preparação superficial / Abstract: The manufacturing process of wind turbine blades involves the bonding of structures made of glass reinforced plastic. This work analyzes the theree main types of structural adhesives used by blades manufactures (epoxy, polyurethane and methyl methacrylate), with the goal of developing criteria to assist in the selection of adhesives and surface treatments applied to the structures to be bonded. The characterization of the adhesives involved two types of mechanical tests: single lap shear joints and cleavage of adhesive joints. Two types of surface treatment of the adherents were used: removable sacrifical layer (peel-ply) and abrasion. The joint failure mode analysis was also carried out as an aid to the study of compatibility between adhesive and substrate. The results show that treatment via peel-ply was the most efficient for epoxy bonded substrates tested in shear, by presenting a 28% increase in strengh compared to untreated surfaces. Images of scanning electron microscopy suggest that this treatment led to a larger area of contact relative to untreated surfaces and caused less damage to the substrate's surface than the abrasive method. The groups bonded with methyl methacrylate regardless the type of treatment, had the highest values in the cleavage test, approximately 170% higher than other groups. For propertly designed blades, that avoid peeling loads in their adhesive joints, this work shows that the best option are substrate treated with peel-ply and bonded with epoxy. However, a test plan should be prepared whenever there is the necessity of using a new adhesive or method of surface preparation / Mestre

From initial contact with water until hardening, and deterioration, cement and concrete materials are subjected to various chemical and physical transformations and environmental impacts. This thesis focuses on the properties during the fresh state, shortly after mixing until the induction period. During this period flow history, including shearing and resting, and hydration both play big roles in determining the rheological properties. The rheological properties of cement and concrete not only affect the casting and pumping process, but also very critical for harden properties and durability properties. Compared with conventional concrete, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can introduce many advantages in construction application. These include readiness to apply, decreasing labor necessary for casting, and enhancing hardened properties. However, challenges still remain, such as issues relating to formwork pressure [1-7] and multi-layer casting [8]. Each of these issues is closely related to the property of thixotropy. From the microstructural point of view, thixotropy is described as structural buildup (flocculation) under rest and breakdown (deflocculation) under flow. For SCC, as well as other concrete systems, it is about balancing sufficient flowability during casting and rate of structural buildup after placement for the application at hand. For instance, relating to the issue of SCC formwork, it is ideal for the material to be highly flowable to achieve rapid casting, but then exhibit high rate of structural buildup to reduce formwork pressure. This can reduce the cost of formwork and reduce the risk of formwork failure. It is apparent that accurately quantifying the two aspects of thixotropy, i.e. structuration and destructuration, is key to tackling these challenges in field application. Thus, the overall objective of my doctoral study is to improve quantification of key parameters tied to thixotropy that we have identified to be important: static yield stress, cohesion and degree of shear-induced particle migration. The two main contributions are as follows: Firstly, I quantified structuration of fresh paste and mortar systems by measuring static yield stress. After an extensive review of various rheological methods to probe viscoelastic properties of yield stress fluids, I selected, developed, and implemented a creep recovery protocol. Creep results were supplemented by low-amplitude oscillatory shear results, and supported that the measured static yield stress corresponds to the solid-liquid transition. This improved quantification of static yield stress can help better understand the effect of mix composition on SCC formwork pressure development, as well as static segregation and stability [9]. Since the static yield stress is measured before the structure is broken down, the effects of sand migration are eliminated. This study also analyzed effects of other supplementary cementitous materials such as nanoclay and fly ash. Results showed that nanoclay effectively increases static yield stress and structuration rate, while fly ash decreases static yield stress. To complement this investigation, I studied cohesion using the probe tack test, as cohesion is widely cited to be closely related to formwork pressure. I verified that probe tack test is a quick and useful method to measure static cohesion. Results showed that nanoclay increased cohesion dramatically while fly ash did not have an apparent effect on cohesion. Secondly, I developed an empirical model to fit the stress decay process under constant shear rate, For mortar systems, the stress decay can be attributed to two mechanisms: colloidal destructuration and sand migration. Such a model could be used to characterize particle migration and dynamic segregation [10], a critical issue for casting applications. In addition, shear induced particle migration is a widely recognized challenge in characterizing mortars and concretes through shear rheological methods [11-13]. Therefore this model can help determine the range of shear rates within which migration can be minimized to guide the design of protocols for dynamic rheological characterization and to ultimately develop design strategies to minimize mitigation. Compared with currently existing methods, this model provides a faster approach to quantify the sand migration process, including kinetics.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, [90] p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-63).

Microstructure or fabric definitely affects macroscopic mechanical behavior of granular material. It is also well-observed that fabric evolves with shearing or plastic deformation. In this study, a series of two-dimensional numerical direct shear tests are carried out with the discrete element method, to study the initial fabric effect on global material responses and their micro-macroscopic relations. Idealized particle assemblages are made up of mono-size elongated particles and are prepared by a “deposition” method. Elongated particle is modeled by the built-in clump logic, in which constitutive balls are joined together without further breakage. In the deposition method, there are three controlling parameters, including, deposited direction, inter-particle friction coefficient and particle number, to prepare specimens with similar initial density but different initial packing or fabric. Three types of fabric of particle assemblages are examined quantitatively and are monitored during shearing, including, particle orientations (PO), contact normal forces (NF), and void spaces (VS). These fabric distributions are described by two parameters―anisotropic degree ( ) and orientation angle ( ), with clear physical implications. An additional parameter ( ) describing the average size of voids, is used to quantify void perimeter. It is found that this parameter has a relation with the assemblage’s volumetric response. C With the systematic and meticulous quantification method, the linkage between the macroscopic and microscopic responses of particle assemblages is discussed quantitatively. The results show that the initial packing affects the shear zone thickness, initial stiffness, peak strength, and dilation rate. In the shear zone, particle orientations do not exhibit a unique state at the final stage of direct shearing. At that state, strong normal forces and strong voids are parallel to the major principal stress direction. It seems that the initial packing does not affect their final distributions. At the end of reverse shearing, strong voids and strong normal forces in the shear zone give an essentially unique state, and their preferential directions are related to the changed loading direction. However, apparent stable particle orientations are still affected by the initial fabric. / published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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