Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-36). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Na maioria das construções utilizam-se estruturas de madeira para coberturas e muitas são executadas no sistema convencional, empregando treliças. Com o avanço da arquitetura, no que diz respeito a empregabilidade da madeira, outras formas vêm sendo utilizadas, tornando o ambiente mais livre e harmônico, e para isso, a necessidade de vigas maiores, para vencer maiores vãos. Desta forma, os materiais dos elementos estruturais têm importante papel, a fim de demandar continuidade das peças, dentro dos padrões de segurança. As Normas Brasileiras apresentam formas de ligações onde, o emprego da madeira e o aço, garantem a estabilidade para ambos os materiais, visto a utilização de parafusos e pinos como elemento de ligação, empregados nas construções. Neste trabalho, a proposta é avaliar os conjuntos dos materiais de ligações aparafusadas entre madeira/madeira e compará-la com a ligações madeira/chapa de aço/madeira; a chapa dobrada a frio e prensada entre as peças não está aparente. Portanto, a ligação ficará a cargo dos parafusos, mas, com a chapa a resistência será maior suportando aos esforços cortantes causados pela flexão dos parafusos e inserida diretamente na madeira, que tem grande importância quanto à direção das fibras e do esforço aplicado. / In most constructions are used wooden structures for roofs and many are executed in the conventional system using trusses. With the advancement of architecture, with regard the employability of timber, other ways have been used making the free and harmonious environment, and for this, the need for larger beams, to win larger spans. Therefore, the materials of the structural elements have an important role in order to demand continuity of parts with in the safety standards. Brazilian Standards of forms of links where the use of timber and steel, ensure stability for both materials, as the use of bolts and pins as liaison, used in buildings. In this paper, the proposal is to assess the joint of bolted connections materials between timber / timber and compare it with the connections timber / steel plate / timber; the folded plate and cold pressed between the parts is not apparent. Therefore, the connection will fall on the bolts, but with the plate resistance will be higher by supporting the shearing caused by the bending of the bolts and inserted directly on timber, which is very important as to the direction of the fibers and of the applied load.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os procedimentos e os resultados de métodos de ensaios propostos para a identificação da resistência ao cisalhamento de madeiras no sentido paralelo as fibras. Almeja-se observar as imperfeições dos métodos existentes, com intuito de propor um novo método de ensaio em que algum dos problemas apresentados possam ser minimizados ou reduzidos. O método proposto pela norma NBR 7190/97 utiliza um corpo de prova prismático retangular com um dente para impedir sua rotação, causada pela assimetria na aplicação da força que promove o cisalhamento. O método proposto por SANTOS NETO (1999) utiliza também um corpo de provas prismático longelíneo com interrupções parciais alternadas nas seções transversais, as quais promovem solicitações de cisalhamento em regiões pré-escolhidas. Como alternativa, o presente estudo apresenta dois métodos: o primeiro método de ensaio sugerido é análogo ao ensaio da norma, porém aplicando a carga simetricamente a duas seções cisalhantes, de modo a evitar a rotação do corpo. Esse método evidenciou problemas ocorridos em razão das proporções entre as tensões de cisalhamento e tensões de esmagamento por compressão na superfície de aplicação das cargas e da antecipação da ruptura de cisalhamento por ruptura de tração na face inferior do corpo de provas. Um segundo procedimento é proposto, induzindo o esforço de cisalhamento através de puncionamento de um corpo de prova prismático simples e sem recortes, com distribuição da seção cisalhantes simetricamente em relação a um ponto. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma ferramenta de macho e fêmea adaptado a uma prensa universal de ensaios para aplicação dos esforços. Verificada a validade do método, realiza-se um conjunto de ensaios com três espécies de madeiras, diferenciadas entre si pelas suas resistências mecânicas e, valendo-se dos métodos propostos pela norma NBR 7190/97, por SANTOS NETO (1999) e o cisalhamento por puncionamento, analisa-se e discute-se o desempenho dos três processos. / This research aims to examine the procedures and results of test methods proposed for the identification of the shear strength of wood fibers in parallel direction. Aims to observe the imperfections of existing methods, aiming to propose a new test method in which some of the problems shown can be minimized or reduced. The method proposed by NBR 7190/97 uses a rectangular prismatic body of evidence with a tooth to prevent its rotation caused by asymmetry in the application of force that causes the shear. The method proposed by SANTOS NETO (1999) also uses a prismatic body of evidence with alternating partial interruptions in cross sections, which provide requests shear at pre-selected regions. Alternatively, the paper presents two methods: the first test method suggested is analogous to the standard test, but applying the load symmetrically to shear two sections so as to prevent rotation of the body. This method revealed problems that occurred because of the proportions between the shear stresses and strains of crushing by compression on the surface of application of loads and the anticipation of breaking the shear rupture of traction on the underside of the body of evidence. A second procedure is proposed, leading to shear stress by punching a simple prismatic body of evidence and without cutouts, with the distribution of shearing section symmetrical about a point. To this end, it develops a tool of male and female adapted to press a universal test for application of effort. Verified the validity of the method, takes place a series of tests on three wood species, differentiated from each other by their mechanical stregth, and, drawing on the methods proposed by NBR 7190/97, and by SANTOS NETO (1999) and by punching shear, analyzes and discusses the performance of the three cases.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os procedimentos e os resultados de métodos de ensaios propostos para a identificação da resistência ao cisalhamento de madeiras no sentido paralelo as fibras. Almeja-se observar as imperfeições dos métodos existentes, com intuito de propor um novo método de ensaio em que algum dos problemas apresentados possam ser minimizados ou reduzidos. O método proposto pela norma NBR 7190/97 utiliza um corpo de prova prismático retangular com um dente para impedir sua rotação, causada pela assimetria na aplicação da força que promove o cisalhamento. O método proposto por SANTOS NETO (1999) utiliza também um corpo de provas prismático longelíneo com interrupções parciais alternadas nas seções transversais, as quais promovem solicitações de cisalhamento em regiões pré-escolhidas. Como alternativa, o presente estudo apresenta dois métodos: o primeiro método de ensaio sugerido é análogo ao ensaio da norma, porém aplicando a carga simetricamente a duas seções cisalhantes, de modo a evitar a rotação do corpo. Esse método evidenciou problemas ocorridos em razão das proporções entre as tensões de cisalhamento e tensões de esmagamento por compressão na superfície de aplicação das cargas e da antecipação da ruptura de cisalhamento por ruptura de tração na face inferior do corpo de provas. Um segundo procedimento é proposto, induzindo o esforço de cisalhamento através de puncionamento de um corpo de prova prismático simples e sem recortes, com distribuição da seção cisalhantes simetricamente em relação a um ponto. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma ferramenta de macho e fêmea adaptado a uma prensa universal de ensaios para aplicação dos esforços. Verificada a validade do método, realiza-se um conjunto de ensaios com três espécies de madeiras, diferenciadas entre si pelas suas resistências mecânicas e, valendo-se dos métodos propostos pela norma NBR 7190/97, por SANTOS NETO (1999) e o cisalhamento por puncionamento, analisa-se e discute-se o desempenho dos três processos. / This research aims to examine the procedures and results of test methods proposed for the identification of the shear strength of wood fibers in parallel direction. Aims to observe the imperfections of existing methods, aiming to propose a new test method in which some of the problems shown can be minimized or reduced. The method proposed by NBR 7190/97 uses a rectangular prismatic body of evidence with a tooth to prevent its rotation caused by asymmetry in the application of force that causes the shear. The method proposed by SANTOS NETO (1999) also uses a prismatic body of evidence with alternating partial interruptions in cross sections, which provide requests shear at pre-selected regions. Alternatively, the paper presents two methods: the first test method suggested is analogous to the standard test, but applying the load symmetrically to shear two sections so as to prevent rotation of the body. This method revealed problems that occurred because of the proportions between the shear stresses and strains of crushing by compression on the surface of application of loads and the anticipation of breaking the shear rupture of traction on the underside of the body of evidence. A second procedure is proposed, leading to shear stress by punching a simple prismatic body of evidence and without cutouts, with the distribution of shearing section symmetrical about a point. To this end, it develops a tool of male and female adapted to press a universal test for application of effort. Verified the validity of the method, takes place a series of tests on three wood species, differentiated from each other by their mechanical stregth, and, drawing on the methods proposed by NBR 7190/97, and by SANTOS NETO (1999) and by punching shear, analyzes and discusses the performance of the three cases.

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geology / PhD / Unrestricted

External prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps can be used to strengthen shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The strengthening system is associated with a number of parameters including the number of straps, strap locations, strap stiffness, and strap prestress. The initial goal of this research was to identify the optimum values for these parameters in order to design an efficient and effective shear retrofitting system. The shear friction theory (SFT) and modified compression field theory (MCFT) were identified as potential predictive theories to model the shear behaviour of RC beams retrofitted with CFRP straps. Possible modifications to the theories to reflect CFRP prestressed straps were investigated. Two popular optimisation algorithms namely the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) were coded and tested with six test functions. These algorithms were used to find the optimum shear retrofitting configurations and also to reduce the computational cost associated with the SFT and MCFT evaluations. An experimental investigation was carried out to validate the SFT and MCFT predictions for various CFRP strap configurations. The investigation consisted of an unstrengthened control beam and five CFRP strengthened beams. The shear behaviour of the beams was significantly influenced by the CFRP strap configurations. A critical load level where the beam stiffness started to deteriorate significantly was identified. It was found that there was a correlation between this load level and the yielding of the internal shear links and a rapid increase in crack openmg. The SFT and MCFT were validated using the experimental results. The peak shear capacities predicted using the SFT were more consistent with the stiffness deteriorating loads identified in the experimental investigation than with the ultimate loads of the beams. The reinforcement forces and crack opening values found from the SFT were consistent with the experimental results. The MCFT predicted the total shear response, ultimate shear capacity, crack opening, and internal and external reinforcement forces in the beams. The accuracy of the MCFT predictions reduced slightly when either the strap configuration was highly nonuniforrn or the initial prestress level in the straps was relatively low. The shear link yielding load levels predicted by the MCFT were found to be similar to the SFT predictions. By using the coded optimisation algorithms in combination with the SFT or MCFT, the optimum CFRP strap configurations were found for a selected case study. Both theories predicted an offset for the optimum strap locations from the locations associated with equal spacings along the shear span. A reasonable agreement between the SFT and MCFT predictions for the optimum shear strengths and strap locations was observed. A parametric study demonstrated that the concrete strength, internal shear link locations, beam depth, and shear span to depth ratio of the beam do not significantly influence the optimum strengthening configurations for the CFRP strap system. External prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps can be used to strengthen shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The strengthening system is associated with a number of parameters including the number of straps, strap locations, strap stiffness, and strap prestress. The initial goal of this research was to identify the optimum values for these parameters in order to design an efficient and effective shear retrofitting system. The shear friction theory (SFT) and modified compression field theory (MCFT) were identified as potential predictive theories to model the shear behaviour ofRC beams retrofitted with CFRP straps. Possible modifications to the theories to reflect CFRP prestressed straps were investigated. Two popular optimisation algorithms namely the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) were coded and tested with six test functions. These algorithms were used to find the optimum shear retrofitting configurations and also to reduce the computational cost associated with the SFT and MCFT evaluations. An experimental investigation was ca1Tied out to validate the SFT and MCFT predictions for various CFRP strap configurations. The investigation consisted of an unstrengthened control beam and five CFRP strengthened beams. The shear behaviour of the beams was significantly influenced by the CFRP strap configurations. A critical load level where the beam stiffness started to deteriorate significantly was identified. It was found that there was a correlation between this load level and the yielding of the internal shear links and a rapid increase in crack opening. The SFT and MCFT were validated using the experimental results. The peak shear capacities predicted using the SFT were more consistent with the stiffness deteriorating loads identified in the experimental investigation than with the ultimate loads of the beams. The reinforcement forces and crack opening values found from the SFT were consistent with the experimental results. The MCFT predicted the total shear response, ultimate shear capacity, crack opening, and internal and external reinforcement forces in the beams. The accuracy of the MCFT predictions reduced slightly when either the strap configuration was highly nonuniform or the initial prestress level in the straps was relatively low. The shear link yielding load levels predicted by the MCFT were found to be similar to the SFT predictions. By using the coded optimisation algorithms in combination with the SFT or MCFT, the optimum CFRP strap configurations were found for a selected case study. Both theories predicted an offset for the optimum strap locations from the locations associated with equal spacings along the shear span. A reasonable agreement between the SFT and MCFT predictions for the optimum shear strengths and strap locations was observed. A parametric study demonstrated that the concrete strength, internal shear link locations, beam depth, and shear span to depth ratio of the beam do not significantly influence the optimum strengthening configurations for the CFRP strap system.

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1977 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Steven F. Manzi. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 77. / by Reginald Van Lee. / M.S.

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