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It is known that African American ethnicity is an independent risk factor for exaggerated oxidative stress which is intricately intertwined with inflammation, hypertension (HT), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this dissertation study was to examine the racial differences that exist between African Americans and Caucasians in oxidative stress levels at the molecular level using an in vitro model of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). African American HUVECs were found to have significantly higher baseline levels of oxidative stress in vitro compared to Caucasian HUVECs. In order to establish proof of concept, three preliminary studies were conducted. The first preliminary study, an acute exercise protocol was conducted in young healthy adults in order to measure plasma oxidative stress markers in response to a single moderate intensity treadmill exercise bout. In this study, it was found that the treadmill exercise did not elicit a race-dependent responses, but that African American adults had higher level of oxidative stress at all sample times when compared to the Caucasians. A second preliminary study was conducted using a parallel cell culture design to measure basal oxidative stress levels in African American and Caucasian HUVECs without stimulation. These data were shown in relation to the plasma levels of oxidative stress in resting African American and Caucasian adults. This was done in order to show that the common oxidative stress markers measured in human plasma can also be measured in cell culture supernatant and lysate. It was found that both African American adults and HUVECs had heightened oxidative stress and inflammatory markers when compared to their Caucasian counterparts. The third preliminary study was conducted using tumor Necrosis Factor-#945; (TNF-#945;) as an inflammatory stimulant and measuring the oxidative stress response in both African American and Caucasian HUVECs. This was done in order to show that cells of different race respond differently to stimuli. It was found that the response to TNF-α was blunted in African American HUVECs. The final step was to use laminar shear stress (LSS) as an exercise mimetic in order to examine whether HUVECs from different race respond differently. HUVECs from both race were harvested under static condition (no LSS), with low LSS at 5 dyne/cm2, and with a moderate level of LSS at 20 dyne/cm2. It was found that despite the fact that African American HUVECs had higher levels of oxidative stress under static conditions, when LSS was applied, protein expressions and oxidative stress biomarkers adjusted to levels that were similar to the Caucasian HUVEC adaptations to LSS. From this, it appears that African American HUVECs have a larger response to LSS stimulus indicating that aerobic exercise prescriptions may be valuable for this population since the potential exists for large improvements in oxidative stress levels for this population. / Kinesiology

This investigation concerns the design, build, and testing of a new class of skin friction sensor capable of performing favorably in high-speed, high-enthalpy flow conditions, such as that found in atmospheric re-entry vehicles, scramjets, jet engines, material testing, and industrial processes. Fully understanding and optimizing these complex flows requires an understanding of aerodynamic properties at high enthalpies, which, in turn, requires numerical and analytical modeling as well as reliable diagnostic instrumentation. Skin friction is a key quantity in assessing the overall flight and engine performance, and also plays an important role in identifying and correcting problem areas. The sensor design is founded on a direct-measuring, cantilever arrangement. The design incorporates two fundamental types of materials in regards to thermal conductivity and voltage resistivity properties. The non-conducting material distinction greatly deters the effect of heat soak and prevents EMI transmission throughout the sensor. Four custom fabricated metal-foil strain gauges are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration to increase sensitivity and to provide further compensation for sensitivity effects. The sensor is actively cooled via a copper water channel to minimize the temperature gradient across the electronic systems. The design offers a unique immunity to many of the interfering influences found in complex, high-speed, high-enthalpy flows that would otherwise overshadow the desired wall shear measurement. The need to develop an encompassing design methodology was recognized and became a principal focus of this research effort. The sensor design was developed through a refined, multi-disciplinary approach. Concepts were matured through an extensive and iterative program of evolving key performance parameters. Extensive use of finite element analysis (FEA) was critical to the design and analysis of the sensor. A software package was developed to utilize the powerful advantage of FEA methods and optimization techniques over the traditional trial and error methods. Each sensor endured a thorough series of calibrations designed to systematically evaluate individual aspects of its functionality in static, dynamic, pressure, and thermal responses. Bench-test facilities at Virginia Tech (VT) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) further characterized the design vibrational effects and electromagnetic interference countermeasure effectiveness. Through iterations of past designs, sources of error have been identified, controlled, and minimized. The total uncertainty of the skin friction sensor measurement capability was determined to be ±8.7% at 95% confidence and remained fairly independent of each test facility. A rigorous, multi-step approach was developed to systematically test the skin friction sensor in various facilities, where flow enthalpy and run duration were progressively increased. Initial validation testing was conducted at the VT Hypersonic Tunnel. Testing at AFRL was first performed in the RC-19 facility under high-temperature, mixing flow conditions. Final testing was conducted under simulated scramjet flight conditions in the AFRL RC-18 facility. Performance of the skin friction sensors was thoroughly analyzed across all three facilities. The flow stagnation enthalpies upward of 1053 kJ/kg (453 Btu/lbm) were tested. A nominal Mach 2.0 to 3.0 flow speed range was studied and stagnation pressure ranged from 172 to 995 kPa (25 to 144 psia). Wall shear was measured between 94 and 750 Pa (1.96 and 15.7 psf). Multiple entries were conducted at each condition with good repeatability at ±5% variation. The sensor was also able to clearly indicate the transient flow conditions of a full scramjet combustion operability cycle to include shock train movement and backflow along the isolator wall. The measured experimental wall shear data demonstrated good agreement with simple, flat-plate analytical estimations and historic data (where available). Numerical CFD predictions of the scramjet flow path gave favorable results for steady cold and hot flow conditions, but had to be refined to handle the various fueling injection schemes with burning in the downstream combustor and surface roughness models. In comparing CFD wall shear predictions to the experimental measurements, in a few cases, the sensor measurement was adversely affected by shock and complex flow interaction. This made comparisons difficult for these cases. The sensor maintained full functionality under sustained high-enthalpy conditions. No degradation in performance was noted over the course of the tests. This dissertation research and development program has proven successful in advancing the development of a skin friction sensor for applications in high-speed, high-enthalpy flows. The sensor was systematically tested in relevant, high-fidelity laboratory environments to demonstrate its technology readiness and to successfully achieve a technology readiness level (TRL) 6 milestone. The instrumentation technology is currently being transitioned from laboratory development to the end users in the hypersonic test community. / Ph. D.

Differences in southern yellow pine (represented by Pinus taeda) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mature and juvenile wood were examined in terms of density, chemical composition, surface energy, shear stress, % wood failure, and delamination. Density was measured using a QTRS density scanner. Loblolly pine contained a higher average density. Chemical composition was measured using the NREL standard for identifying the chemical composition of biomass. Southern yellow pine contained a higher % hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives. Douglas-fir had higher % cellulose than southern yellow pine. Surface energy was measured using the static sessile drop contact angle method and the acid/base approach. Southern yellow pine contained a lower average contact angle than Douglas-fir. Shear stress, % wood failure, and durability were measured using ASTM-D2559 with two adhesives, a one-part moisture cure polyurethane (PU), and a two-part ambient curing phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF). Shear stress for southern yellow pine was affected the most by the type of growth regions at the bond (juvenile to mature wood) and the assembly times of the adhesives used. Douglas-fir shear stress was affected by the type of adhesive and the growth region at the bond. Delamination results demonstrated that when using PRF the southern yellow pine has less delamination statistically than Douglas-fir. Also, the growth region at the bond with both adhesives showed to impact delamination with juvenile to mature wood having less delamination than mature to mature wood. / Master of Science

Óxido nítrico (NO) obtido a partir de fonts exógenas estimula a via de sinalização Ras/MAP cinases ERK1/2 em células endoteliais de coelho (RAEC). A ativação desta via também envolve a transativação do receptor de EGF (EGFR) mediada por ERK1/2 (Oliveira, 2003). Agora, nós avaliamos os efeitos de NO gerado endogenamente por bradicinina e \"shear stress\" sobre a fosforilação de resíduos de tirosina em EGFR e no processo de angiogênese; Nós encontramos que após estímulo com bradicinina (1 M) ou \"shear stress\" (16 dynes/cm2) a isoforma endotelial de NO sintetase (eNOS) foi ativada em células RAEC e HUVEC. Além disso, o aumento na produção de NO correlaciona-se com um aumento na fosforilação em resíduos de tirosina de EGFR conforme verificado por imunoprecipitação e western blot. Para determinar a capacidade angiogênica da via de sinalização NO-EGFR, nós usamos um ensaio in vitro baseado em Matrigel®. Em adição nós analisamos as vias de sinalização envolvidas no processo. Nós mostramos que bradicina e \"shear stress\" induz a formação de estruturas semelhantes a capilares em células HUVEC cultivadas em Matrigel®. Células HUVEC expressando um mutante de EGFR com atividade de tirosina cinase defective não forma estruturas semelhantes a capilares após estímulo com bradicinina ou \"shear stress\". Reunidos, estes achados nos sugerem que a ativação da via de NO e EGFR é necessária na promoção de angiogênese em células HUVEC / Nitric oxide (NO) obtained from exogenous sources stimulated the Ras/MAP kinases ERK1/2 signaling pathway in rabbit endothelial cells (RAEC). Activation of this pathway also involved the transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGF-R) mediated by ERK1/2 (FRBM 35:381; 2003). Now, we evaluate the effects of endogenously generated NO elicited by bradykinin and fluid laminar \"shear stress\" on tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and in the process of angiogenesis. We found that upon stimulation with bradykinin (1 M) or under shear stress conditions (16 dynes/cm2) the endothelial isoform of NO synthase was activated in RAEC and in human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Furthermore, increase in NO production correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of the EGF-R as seen by immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. To determine the importance of the NO-EGFR signaling pathway in angiogenesis, we used the Matrigel®-based in vitro assay for angiogenesis. In addition, we analyzed the signaling pathway involved in the process. We showed that bradykinin and shear stress induced the formation of capillary-like structures in HUVEC cultures grown in Matrigel®. HUVEC expressing a mutant of the EGF-R lacking tyrosine kinase activity did not form capillary-like structures upon stimulation with bradykinin or shear stress conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the activation of the NO-EGFR signaling pathway is necessary to promote angiogenesis in HUVEC

As células-tronco mesenquimais derivados do tecido adiposo (ASC) apresentam potencial para uso em terapêuticas para reparação cardíaca e o modelo de suínos recapitula aspectos relevantes dos seres humanos. Nesta dissertação quisemos caracterizar ASC de porcos (pASC), após criopreservação e avaliar a responsividade destas células ao shear stress. Após descongelamento as pASC exibiram 90-95% de viabilidade, não apresentaram alterações morfológicas e nem na expressão de marcadores de superfície (CD29+ 99,74%±0,10; CD90+ 97,84%±1,32; CD44+ 99,39%±0,19, CD31- 1,75%±0,21; média±EPM, n=3). O tempo de dobramento médio foi de 63,51±16,46 horas (média±DP) e o dobramento populacional cumulativo aumentou constantemente até a passagem 10, com pequeno e gradual aumento na senescência (P5 3,25%±0,26 e P10 9,6%±0,29 SA-?-Gal). Além disso, as pASC responderam, in vitro, ao tratamento para diferenciação em adipócitos e osteócitos. Já a exposição ao SS (15 dyn/cm² por 48 hs) não induziu a expressão de marcadores endoteliais (CD31, VE-caderina e FLK-1), mas resultou no acúmulo de VEGF induzido por NO (15 dyn/cm² por 96 hs). Interessantemente, o SS induziu a fosforilação de ERK e AKT e a liberação de NO independente da magnitude do SS (1-30 dyn/cm², por 30 min). No entanto, longos períodos de estímulo (24-48 hs) e diferentes intensidades de shear stress induziram desigualmente a liberação de NO e VEGF (5 dyn/cm² maior do que 10 ou 15 dyn/cm²). Tomados em conjunto, nossos dados promovem evidências de que a viabilidade, morfologia, cinética de crescimento e resposta a estímulos químicos ou físicos de pASC não foram influenciados pela criopreservação. Além disso, a magnitude de SS aplicada a essas células afetou a liberação de NO e VEGF somente após longos períodos de exposição a esse estímulo / Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) offer potential regenerative therapeutic application for cardiac repair and the porcine model recapitulates key aspects relevant to humans. In this dissertation we wanted to establish the culture characteristics of pig ASC (pASC), especially after long-term cryopreservation and the effect of shear-stress (SS)-induced phenotypes. Upon thawing, pASC displayed 90-95% viability and no changes in morphological characteristics or in the expression of surface markers (CD29+ 99.74%±0.10; CD90+ 97.84%±1.32; CD44+ 99.39%±0.19, CD31- 1.75%±0.21; mean±SEM, n=3). Mean population doubling time was 63.51±16.46 hours (mean±SD) and cumulative population doubling increased constantly until passage 10 with a small and gradual increase in senescence (P5 3.25%±0.26 and P10 9.6%±0.29 SA--Gal staining). In addition, pASC in vitro responded to adipogenic and osteogenic chemical cues, whereas SS exposure (15 dyn/cm² up to 48 hours) failed to induce endothelial cell (EC) markers (CD31, VE-cadherin and FLK-1), but resulted in nitric oxide (NO)-induced VEGF accumulation (15 dyn/cm² up to 96 hours). Interestingly, SS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and the release of NO were independent of the magnitude of the stimulus (1-30 dyn/cm², up to 30minutes). In contrast, long term (24-48 hours) SS-induced NO and VEGF release under 5 dyn/cm² were higher than 10 or 15 dyn/cm2. Altogether, we provided evidence that pASC cell viability, morphology, growth characteristics and capacity to respond to chemical or physical cues were not influenced by cryopreservation. Moreover, the magnitude of the SS affected the NO and VEGF release in pASC only during long-term exposure to SS

No sistema cardiovascular, modificações de pressão e shear stress devido ao fluxo sanguíneo influenciam a morfologia e a patofisiologia dos vasos sanguíneos e do coração. Neste trabalho, estudamos o papel de duas moléculas transmembrânicas do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina: a Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA) e o Receptor de Angiotensina do tipo I (AT1) como mecanosensoras e mecanotransdutoras dessas forças físicas. A ECA foi por muito tempo conhecida somente por sua ação em converter Angiotensina I em Angiotensina II e por inativar a Bradicinina. Recentemente foi demonstrado que a ECA, além dos efeitos enzimáticos já conhecidos, pode ter sua cauda citoplasmática fosforilada e desencadear vias de sinalização intracelular. Observamos que o shear stress, mas não o estiramento, induziu a diminuição da fosforilação da porção citoplasmática da ECA após 5 minutos de estímulo e se mantém até 18 horas. Demonstramos também que a porção extracelular da ECA tem papel fundamental como mecanosensora e que a via intracelular da JNK participa da mecanotransdução em resposta ao shear stress. Além disto, demonstramos que a diminuição da fosforilação da ECA está associada na diminuição da sua expressão pelo shear stress. O receptor AT1 é a principal molécula efetora das ações da angiotensina II. Recentemente foi demonstrado que esse receptor pode também ser ativado por forças físicas, estiramento celular, independentemente da presença da angiotensina II. No presente estudo, observamos que o receptor AT1 é ativado pelo shear stress e que o Candesartan, mas não o Losartan, é capaz de impedir esta resposta. A via intracelular ativada é dependente de proteína-G e da entrada de cálcio do meio extracelular. Interessantemente, a pré-exposicao dos receptores ao shear stress diminuem a responsividade dos receptores ao peptídeo Angiotensina II porém a Angiotensina II não é capaz de inibir a ativação pelo shear stress.. Em conjunto, demonstramos novos mecanismos de ação da ECA e do AT1 que são duas importantes moléculas do sistema renina angiotensina. A modulação destes componentes por estímulos mecânicos traz novas possibilidades de intervenções farmacologicas sobre esse sistema bem como o melhor entendimento da participação dessas moléculas na fisiopatologia cardiovascular. / Hemodynamic forces such as pressure and shear stress modulate the patophysiolgy of the cardiovascular system. In this study, we investigated two transmembranic key molecules of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as mechanosensors and mechanotransducers of physical forces: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Angiotensin II type 1 Receptor (AT1). ACE is an enzyme that converts angiotensin I in angiotensin II. Recently, it was demonstrated that ACE cytoplasmic tail can be phosphorylated by ACE inhibitors and elicited intracellular cell signaling. Here, we observed that shear stress, but not stretch, decreased ACE cytoplasmic phosphorylation after 5 minutes and maintained up to 18 hours. ACE extracellular portion act as mechanosensor and JNK pathway participate in the mechanotransduction activation. In addition, we also demonstrate that decrease in ACE phosphorylation is involved in ACE expression downregulation by shear stress. AT1 receptor is the main effector molecule of angiotensin II cellular responses. It has recently been shown that AT1 receptor can directly be activated by mechanical stretch stress through an angiotensin-II-independent mechanism. In the present study, we observed that shear stress also activates AT1 receptor which is blocked by Candesartan, but not by Losartan. The intracellular pathway activated by shear stress involves both G-protein and extracellular calcium. Interestingly, preconditioning of AT1 receptor by shear stress impairs its responsiveness to angiotensin II while the pretreatment with angiotensin II still allow AT1 responsiveness to shear stress. Altogether, we demonstrated that ACE and AT1 receptor activates intracellular signal in response to mechanical force. This new concept for the RAS, the modulation of these molecules by mechanical forces gives new insigh into the discovery for pharmacological interventions to the RAS

As células-tronco mesenquimais derivados do tecido adiposo (ASC) apresentam potencial para uso em terapêuticas para reparação cardíaca e o modelo de suínos recapitula aspectos relevantes dos seres humanos. Nesta dissertação quisemos caracterizar ASC de porcos (pASC), após criopreservação e avaliar a responsividade destas células ao shear stress. Após descongelamento as pASC exibiram 90-95% de viabilidade, não apresentaram alterações morfológicas e nem na expressão de marcadores de superfície (CD29+ 99,74%±0,10; CD90+ 97,84%±1,32; CD44+ 99,39%±0,19, CD31- 1,75%±0,21; média±EPM, n=3). O tempo de dobramento médio foi de 63,51±16,46 horas (média±DP) e o dobramento populacional cumulativo aumentou constantemente até a passagem 10, com pequeno e gradual aumento na senescência (P5 3,25%±0,26 e P10 9,6%±0,29 SA-?-Gal). Além disso, as pASC responderam, in vitro, ao tratamento para diferenciação em adipócitos e osteócitos. Já a exposição ao SS (15 dyn/cm² por 48 hs) não induziu a expressão de marcadores endoteliais (CD31, VE-caderina e FLK-1), mas resultou no acúmulo de VEGF induzido por NO (15 dyn/cm² por 96 hs). Interessantemente, o SS induziu a fosforilação de ERK e AKT e a liberação de NO independente da magnitude do SS (1-30 dyn/cm², por 30 min). No entanto, longos períodos de estímulo (24-48 hs) e diferentes intensidades de shear stress induziram desigualmente a liberação de NO e VEGF (5 dyn/cm² maior do que 10 ou 15 dyn/cm²). Tomados em conjunto, nossos dados promovem evidências de que a viabilidade, morfologia, cinética de crescimento e resposta a estímulos químicos ou físicos de pASC não foram influenciados pela criopreservação. Além disso, a magnitude de SS aplicada a essas células afetou a liberação de NO e VEGF somente após longos períodos de exposição a esse estímulo / Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) offer potential regenerative therapeutic application for cardiac repair and the porcine model recapitulates key aspects relevant to humans. In this dissertation we wanted to establish the culture characteristics of pig ASC (pASC), especially after long-term cryopreservation and the effect of shear-stress (SS)-induced phenotypes. Upon thawing, pASC displayed 90-95% viability and no changes in morphological characteristics or in the expression of surface markers (CD29+ 99.74%±0.10; CD90+ 97.84%±1.32; CD44+ 99.39%±0.19, CD31- 1.75%±0.21; mean±SEM, n=3). Mean population doubling time was 63.51±16.46 hours (mean±SD) and cumulative population doubling increased constantly until passage 10 with a small and gradual increase in senescence (P5 3.25%±0.26 and P10 9.6%±0.29 SA--Gal staining). In addition, pASC in vitro responded to adipogenic and osteogenic chemical cues, whereas SS exposure (15 dyn/cm² up to 48 hours) failed to induce endothelial cell (EC) markers (CD31, VE-cadherin and FLK-1), but resulted in nitric oxide (NO)-induced VEGF accumulation (15 dyn/cm² up to 96 hours). Interestingly, SS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and the release of NO were independent of the magnitude of the stimulus (1-30 dyn/cm², up to 30minutes). In contrast, long term (24-48 hours) SS-induced NO and VEGF release under 5 dyn/cm² were higher than 10 or 15 dyn/cm2. Altogether, we provided evidence that pASC cell viability, morphology, growth characteristics and capacity to respond to chemical or physical cues were not influenced by cryopreservation. Moreover, the magnitude of the SS affected the NO and VEGF release in pASC only during long-term exposure to SS

Óxido nítrico (NO) obtido a partir de fonts exógenas estimula a via de sinalização Ras/MAP cinases ERK1/2 em células endoteliais de coelho (RAEC). A ativação desta via também envolve a transativação do receptor de EGF (EGFR) mediada por ERK1/2 (Oliveira, 2003). Agora, nós avaliamos os efeitos de NO gerado endogenamente por bradicinina e \"shear stress\" sobre a fosforilação de resíduos de tirosina em EGFR e no processo de angiogênese; Nós encontramos que após estímulo com bradicinina (1 M) ou \"shear stress\" (16 dynes/cm2) a isoforma endotelial de NO sintetase (eNOS) foi ativada em células RAEC e HUVEC. Além disso, o aumento na produção de NO correlaciona-se com um aumento na fosforilação em resíduos de tirosina de EGFR conforme verificado por imunoprecipitação e western blot. Para determinar a capacidade angiogênica da via de sinalização NO-EGFR, nós usamos um ensaio in vitro baseado em Matrigel®. Em adição nós analisamos as vias de sinalização envolvidas no processo. Nós mostramos que bradicina e \"shear stress\" induz a formação de estruturas semelhantes a capilares em células HUVEC cultivadas em Matrigel®. Células HUVEC expressando um mutante de EGFR com atividade de tirosina cinase defective não forma estruturas semelhantes a capilares após estímulo com bradicinina ou \"shear stress\". Reunidos, estes achados nos sugerem que a ativação da via de NO e EGFR é necessária na promoção de angiogênese em células HUVEC / Nitric oxide (NO) obtained from exogenous sources stimulated the Ras/MAP kinases ERK1/2 signaling pathway in rabbit endothelial cells (RAEC). Activation of this pathway also involved the transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGF-R) mediated by ERK1/2 (FRBM 35:381; 2003). Now, we evaluate the effects of endogenously generated NO elicited by bradykinin and fluid laminar \"shear stress\" on tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and in the process of angiogenesis. We found that upon stimulation with bradykinin (1 M) or under shear stress conditions (16 dynes/cm2) the endothelial isoform of NO synthase was activated in RAEC and in human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Furthermore, increase in NO production correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of the EGF-R as seen by immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. To determine the importance of the NO-EGFR signaling pathway in angiogenesis, we used the Matrigel®-based in vitro assay for angiogenesis. In addition, we analyzed the signaling pathway involved in the process. We showed that bradykinin and shear stress induced the formation of capillary-like structures in HUVEC cultures grown in Matrigel®. HUVEC expressing a mutant of the EGF-R lacking tyrosine kinase activity did not form capillary-like structures upon stimulation with bradykinin or shear stress conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the activation of the NO-EGFR signaling pathway is necessary to promote angiogenesis in HUVEC

Les anévrysmes se développant au niveau des fistules artério-veineuses (FAV), représentent une complication rare mais potentiellement mortelle dont la physiopathologie reste inexplorée. Jusqu’à présent la pratique courante était de les remplacer par un segment prothétique. Nous avons proposé un nouveau traitement chirurgical consistant en une anévrysmorraphie veineuse renforcée extérieurement par une exoprothèse. Notre premier objectif a été de rapporter les résultats à un an de cette nouvelle technique. Dans un second temps nous avons perfusé ex vivo des veines saphènes humaines renforcées par la même exoprothèse dans des conditions hémodynamiques de shear stress (SS) artériel en faisant varier la pression. L’analyse morphologique a montré le développement d’une hyperplasie intimale dans la veine sans et avec exoprothèse à haute pression. L’analyse des gènes et des protéines impliqués dans le remodelage vasculaire n’a pas montré de différence entre la veine nue et la veine renforcée mais nous a permis de mieux caractériser le rôle du SS et de la pression dans le mécanisme de l’artérialisation veineuse. Notre troisième objectif a été de décrire le remodelage anévrysmal des FAV. A partir d’une tissuthèque constituée d’échantillons de veines prélevées chez les patients opérés, nous avons comparé la veine artérialisée anévrysmale à la veine non artérialisée non anévrysmale. Les métalloprotéinases et leurs inhibiteurs participent activement à ce remodelage. Les anévrysmes régulièrement ponctionnés ont un profil inflammatoire qui influence la nature de ce remodelage. / Aneurysm complicating arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. To date, its pathobiology remains unexplored and prosthetic replacement constitutes the conventionnal treatment. We have proposed a new surgical technique consisting in a venous aneurysmorraphy reinforced by an exoprosthesis. Our first goal was to evaluate the one-year results in terms of patency and aneurysm recurrence. Secondly, we have studied the impact of the exoprosthesis on human saphenous veins perfused ex vivo and submitted to different flow conditions consisting in an arterial shear stress (SS) in association with a low or a high pressure setting. Morphological analysis revealed an intimal hyperplasia in veins with and without exoprosthesis under high pressure. Analysis of the proteins and genes involved in the vascular remodeling did not showed an exoprosthesis effect but allowed us to better decipher the selective role played by SS and pressure in the arterialization process. Thirdly, we have collected tissue samples from patients operated and compared aneurysmal arterialized veins to non-aneurysmal non-arterialized veins. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors actively participate in the remodeling. In aneurysms frequently cannulated inflammation influence the remodeling process.