R. balteatus is extremely variable in number of anal rays. Counts of over 4000 specimens from 54 localities in British Columbia varied from 10 to 21, with differences between means of different populations, different year classes and sometimes between the sexes. Variation is shown to be controlled at least partially by environmental factors during development; temperature is an important factor. A mechanism for environmental control of fin ray count is suggested. Variation also occurs in body proportions. Inflections in relative growth of body parts is demonstrated; variation in proportions of these parts is probably due to environmental control of body size at Inflection. Pectoral and pelvic fins show heterogonic growth. Notes on life history are given. The spawning period varies from 7 to 10 weeks, starting between the last week of May end the second week of June. Individuals spawn at different times and probably more than once per season. Smaller fish frequent shallower water. Few fish are older than 4 years and females live longer than males. Relation of shiners to game species is discussed; shiners eat trout fry, trout eat shiners, and shiners probably sometimes compete with trout for other food. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T17:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianabittencourtvillelaneves.pdf: 6602146 bytes, checksum: 41b92396bb426d51f4362a8117b77115 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T13:39:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianabittencourtvillelaneves.pdf: 6602146 bytes, checksum: 41b92396bb426d51f4362a8117b77115 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T13:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianabittencourtvillelaneves.pdf: 6602146 bytes, checksum: 41b92396bb426d51f4362a8117b77115 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os estudos visando o entendimento da interface metal/molécula levaram à descoberta do efeito SERS. Esse efeito foi descoberto casualmente e pode aumentar a intensidade Raman de espécies adsorvidas ca. 106 vezes. O desempenho SERS depende de alguns parâmetros, como: tamanho e forma das nanoestruturas metálicas e natureza do metal. Para evitar agregação e deposição das nanopartículas, uma nova metodologia é proposta nessa dissertação: recobrir a NPs com materiais inertes, como SiO2 e MnO2. A esta metodologia dá-se o nome de SHINERS. Outra técnica que tem ganhado notoriedade devido às aplicações em sistemas biológicos é o efeito SEF. Para que o SEF seja observado é necessário um espaçamento entre o fluoróforo e as NPs, que também pode ser realizado pelo recobrimento com óxidos inertes, quando se utiliza a denominação SHINEF. O distanciamento da superfície provoca um decaimento do sinal; logo, as camadas devem ter alto controle da espessura para que os resultados sejam otimizados. Para o fim de obter desempenho otimizado SHINERS e SHINEF, nessa dissertação foram preparadas NPs de Au e Ag recobertas por camadas ultrafinas de SiO2 e MnO2 de diferentes espessuras. Foi possível caracterizar o recobrimento das NPs metálicas pelos óxidos utilizando TEM. Verificou-se o recobrimento com camadas de 2-6 nm de espessura. O recobrimento das NPs causa um deslocamento para maior comprimento de onda das bandas LSPR das nanopartículas sem recobrimento quando comparadas às NPs com recobrimento, atribuído à mudança do índice de refração local sobre as NPs. Os nanomateriais resultantes tiveram seu desempenho estudado utilizando o corante IR820, que teve seu espectro vibracional atribuído nessa dissertação, como moléculaprova para os dois efeitos de intensificação. Verificou-se uma diminuição da intensidade SHINERS com o aumento da espessura do recobrimento em relação à intensidade SERS, atribuída ao aumento da distância entre adsorbato e superfície das NPs. Para o efeito SHINEF, verificou-se que ocorre uma intensificação apreciável da emissão de fluorescência quando o corante IR-820 na presença das NPs recobertas foi excitado em 785 nm. Os resultados obtidos são promissores para a aplicação das metodologias de preparação de NPs metálicas recobertas como substratos de alto desempenho para as técnicas SHINERS e SHINEF / The studies to aimed the interface metal/molecule resulted in the discovery of the SERS effect. The SERS effect was discovered accidentally and can increase the intensity of scattering adsorbed species ca. 106 times. The SERS performance depends on several parameters such as: size, shape and nature of the metallic nanostructures. To avoid aggregation and deposition of nanoparticles, a new methodology is proposed in this dissertation: coat the NPs with inert materials like SiO2 and MnO2. The cited methodology receives the name of SHINERS. Another technique that has been receiving great notoriety due to applications in biological systems is the SEF effect. A specific spacing between the fluorophore and NP is necessary for the SEF effect to occur and it can be accomplished by coating with inert oxides, which takes the denomination of SHINEF. The distance from the surface causes a decay of the signal, therefore, the layers are supposed to be ultrathin with precise thickness control for optimized results. In order to obtain a good SHINERS and SHINEF performance, in this dissertation, Ag and AuNPs coated with ultrafine layers of SiO2 and MnO2 to different thicknesses were prepared. It had been possible to characterize the coating of metal oxide NPs by using TEM. It has been determined covering oxide layer thickness of 2-6 nm. The coating of NPs causes a shift of LSPR bands for higher wavelength of the coating nanoparticles compared to uncoated NPs, assigned to increasing changes in the local refractive index of the NPs with the oxide layer thickness. The resulting nanomaterials performances for SHINERS and SEF effect were studied using IR-820 dye, which had its vibrational spectrum assigned. There has been observed a decrease in the SHINERS intensity with the increasing thickness of the coating in relation to the SERS intensity attributed to the increasing distance of the adsorbate from the NPs surface. For SHINEF effect, it has been found that a significant enhancement of fluorescence emission occurs when IR- 820 dye in the presence of the coated NPs excited at 785 nm. The preparative methodologies proposed in this dissertation are promising for the application of coated Ag and Au NPs as substrates for high performance SHINERS and SHINEF techniques.