"Shopping malls in Hong Kong are homogeneous, the operating mode for each malls are almost the same." commented by Hong Kong shoppers. It is being criticized that Hongkongers do not have choice when they do shopping in malls, the tenant mix in every shopping malls are similar, small and medium enterprises were asked to leave the malls after tenancy expiry, their space are then replacing by well known brands or chain stores. In this dissertation, one would first identify the extent of homogeneity of regional shopping malls in Hong Kong, selected shopping malls including New Town Plaza in Shatin, APM in Kwun Tong, Domain in Yau Tong and Cityplaza in Taikoo Shing are studied, by interviewing shoppers in those shopping malls, one would be able to understand more on their views in shopping malls homogeneity. Shoppers' views are important in this dissertation as they are the one who make the complain on shopping malls. The tenant mix, quality design, marketing and promotions, and customer services are important factors leading to success of malls. Being the shopping mall operators, in order to increase footfall and thus sale volume of their tenants, when tenants' business improved, they could be able to pay higher rent. In result, the income of shopping malls increased. In the second part of this dissertation, further analysis will be concluded from shopping mall operators regarding their views on shopping malls homogeneity and investigating the underlying causes for the homogeneity in different aspects. From shopping mall operators aspects, no one would be intentionally sculpture a mall which is similar to its counterparts. Operators aim at satisfying the need of their target customers so that they will visit the malls frequently. This intention might be the causes leading to the similarities of regional shopping malls as the target catchment of the regional shopping malls are larger, unlike neighbourhood shopping malls aim at serving shoppers from the estate nearby, more effort should be made in order to attract target shoppers. Finally, the concluding chapter of this dissertation provide suggestions for further studies in Hong Kong shopping malls, an unique retail environment which is far different with shopping malls overseas. Hong Kong shopping malls are yet to be improved so that it would offer shoppers unforgettable shopping experience, it is the responsibility for every operators, both public and private ones. In result, Hong Kong could retain its name of "shopping paradise". / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Hong Kong is a popular destination for Mainland tourists for shopping tourism, particularly after the introduction of Individual Visit Scheme in 2003. Recently, there has been growing tension between local residents and Mainland visitors in sharing leisure spaces such as shopping malls. There is a need to develop a better understanding of this host-guest relationship in order to maintain sustainable tourism development. This study is to examine shopping as a leisure experience in Hong Kong to have better knowledge of use of shopping spaces of Hong Kong residents and Mainland visitors. It is also aimed to analyze their perceptions towards shopping malls in Hong Kong, and enhance understanding of their mutual perceptions when sharing shopping mall spaces. It adopts social exchange theory to develop a theoretical framework which guides the operationalization of the investigation. Mixed methods, including questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews and documentary research are employed for the investigation. A total of 561 sets of valid questionnaires were collected in five shopping malls in Hong Kong and 10 personal in-depth interviews with both local residents and Mainland visitors were conducted. Significant differences were found between Hong Kong residents and Mainland visitors in various research aspects. Reasons for visiting shopping malls in Hong Kong were grouped into Culture and Novelty, Relaxation, Personal Growth, Socialization, and Utilitarian Needs using factor analysis. Utilitarian Needs was a common factor, and Hong Kong residents were also motivated by Socialization while Mainland visitors were driven by Culture and Novelty. On top of shopping, leisure and manifestation of cultures, shopping malls were particularly perceived by Hong Kong residents to be places for dining, gathering point and satisfying needs of Mainland visitors. Residents also believed sharing shopping malls spaces caused loss of loss colours and crowding problems while Mainland visitors stressed the role of shopping malls in tourism city although some interviewees acknowledged possible impacts in local community. In terms of mutual perceptions, Hong Kong residents were negative about Mainland visitors’ behaviour and crowding problems while Mainland visitors tended to be positive about local residents’. Perceptions were also found to have significant association with pleasantness of experience and change of perceptions. Contribution of this study lies on both theoretical and practical dimensions. Specifically it supplements tourism perception studies with a focus on perceptions of leisure resources and mutual perceptions in the context from a multidisciplinary and mixed methods approach using social exchange theory. Findings should also provide implications for both government and shopping mall developers, with regards to relevant policy making and business considerations for carrying capacity enhancement through balancing mutual benefits–between hosts and guests – in using local resources. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Housing Management

This research explores the current situation of the Sanitary Provision in medium to large shopping malls. It outlines the develop process on the Sanitary Provision Ratio in Hong Kong, the History, Development and the Current Situation. This research also studies how the relationships between sanitary provisions and the operation / performance of shopping malls. The research involves a review of relationship between the revenue or the customer satisfying rate and the sanitary provision. The researcher tries to make suggestions for sanitary provision in future shopping mall and compare the benefit with the falter reasons. The benefit is quantified to the revenue & customer service in particular shopping mall while comparing to the expense on offering a better sanitary provision facility. After the comparison, suggestions would be drawn on the form of sanitary provision in the future shopping mall in order to achieve a balance between Cost (extra installation on the sanitary provision) and Benefit (Good impression from the customer and Shopping Mall Revenue). / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Chang Hoi Wood Howard. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1999-2000, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter §0 --- foreword / Chapter §1 --- As all I know- / Chapter §2 --- Architecture and my heart / Chapter §3 --- "About research method," / Chapter §4 --- "In the films of Pasolini," / Chapter §5 --- "In the thesis," / Chapter §6 --- Confinement / Chapter §7 --- "House," / Chapter §8 --- What is the meaning of a tone? / Chapter §9 --- "Reading the books of Foucault," / Chapter §10 --- "...passport," / Chapter §11 --- "Architecture, planned quantitative environment," / Chapter §12 --- "...we have the potential, to commit the same crime..." / Chapter §13 --- I may start with an analogy. / Chapter §14 --- "From the analogy of medical system," / Chapter §15 --- The cities / Chapter §16 --- "Lives are segregated," / Chapter §17 --- Philosophy is the creation / Chapter §18 --- "Architecture, the patron saint" / Chapter §19 --- The presence of a secret police / Chapter §20 --- "Truth: So, here must raise a question: how is the morality" / Chapter §21 --- So the story would develop like this: / Chapter §22 --- "Architecture as a thing," / Chapter §23 --- 8/9/99 / Chapter §24 --- the first raising of the four notions / Chapter §25 --- the implication of the ox picture / Chapter §26 --- general structure / Chapter §27 --- encystment / Chapter §27-1 --- general exposition of the concept / Chapter §27-2 --- "specific exposition of the notion: on occasion, on event, on form, on mood- state of mind, on action´ؤstate of body " / Chapter §28 --- boredom / Chapter §28-1 --- general exposition of the notion / Chapter §28-2 --- "specific exposition of the notion: on occasion, on event, on form, on mood- state of mind, on action´ؤstate of body " / Chapter §29 --- forgetfulness & fancy / Chapter §29-1 --- general exposition of the notions / Chapter §29-2 --- "specific exposition of the notion: on occasion, on event, on form, on mood´ؤstate of mind, on action´ؤstate of body " / Chapter §30 --- Mirror Ball / Chapter §31 --- Confession / Chapter §32 --- the four notions diagram / Chapter §33 --- Limbo / Chapter §34 --- duration / Chapter §35 --- """Every understanding has its mood. Every state-of-mind is one in which one understands." / Chapter §36 --- "position, location & site" / Chapter §37 --- The locations may not have direct relation with the notions. / Chapter §38 --- combined exposition on the locations and the notions / Chapter §39 --- "boredom temporalizing the world and encystment spatializing the world, and let Being become world- related." / Chapter §40 --- "I watched ""Fight Club""." / Chapter §41 --- mission statement at 1/11/99 / Chapter §42 --- client / Chapter §43 --- "the statement The piece exposed, through the rewriting of the mall, the situation of boredom and encystment as the contemporary attunements. It helped recognize, in confession, that they are formed by our indulging of the secular affairs´ؤwe are bored/ encysted in our life lines." / Chapter §44 --- life lines / Chapter §45 --- """The standard architectural program consists of habits, routines and work." / Chapter §46 --- "In an apparently free place, with so much choices, the mall," / Chapter §47 --- I may ask what does these diagrams and timetables means? / Chapter §48 --- """We are designed to be hunters and we're in a society of shopping." / Chapter §49 --- (The following pictures are the reference to form the program) / Chapter §50 --- "It is not an improvement of the conventional shopping mall," / Chapter §51 --- "Wasting time, wasting energy" / Chapter §52 --- "Beside taking the heros as the subject for the construction of the architecture," / Chapter §53 --- Program / Chapter §54 --- "In play, the everyman participates into the operation of power, / Chapter §55 --- Maze / Chapter §56 --- drawing / Chapter §57 --- models / Chapter §58 --- precedent studies / Chapter §59 --- bibliography / Chapter §60 --- thank you

Chan Lok Ling Gloria. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2007-2008, design report." / Includes bibliographical references.

After walking through a decade since the millennium, shopping has been undergoing a remarkable transformation. From the most primitive form of exchanging goods with money on streets to the development of retail outlets and department stores, online shops are rapidly booming as one of the modern shopping preferences nowadays. This paper focuses to investigate the factors affecting shoppers' preference of choice between online shopping and mall shopping. The exploratory study examined 3 groups of shoppers including mall shoppers, online shoppers and cross shoppers to compare and contrast their concerned motives and behaviour as appeared in the two shopping modes. The comparison was based on a theoretical model derived in part from Fishbein and Ajzen.s "Theory of Reasoned Action (1980)"; Cowles, Kieker, and Little "E-tailing Theory (2002)”, Tauber (1972)'s Situational I Personal shopping motives model and a comprehensive literature review. The model identified the theoretical factors anticipated to influence the shoppers' groups shopping behaviors. A total of 297 shoppers in 3 shopping malls served as the purposive questionnaire samples. Factors derived from literatures were incorporated into the survey questions to identify the group of shoppers adopting e-shopping, cross shopping and mall shopping and their respective factors affecting their preference of choice. It was reviewed that apart from the various 'consumer', 'marketing' and 'technology' factors affecting e-shoppers, some of the factors were also found influencing the mall shoppers' preferences of choice in a similar way. Likewise, traditional factors motivating people to shop in mall have also infused with new social elements due to the e-era and people's change of lifestyle. In addition, special features and positioning in various malls were also discovered to exert a different impact on shoppers' option. To further enrich the research, face-to-face interview was also conducted with an online store manager and a shopping mall manager to obtain information from the management perspective. In reviewing their perceived reasons as to affect shoppers' preference to e-shopping and mall shopping, on top of the similar factors as suggested in the literatures, they both put much emphasis on the tactical strategies in business operation. Insights were drawn that online stores and shopping malls may not be direct competitors as one may not substitute the other. Recommendations on future business planning in each shopping mode were also made by frequently reviewing shoppers' desire and wants. The paper was concluded by summarizing the findings and to forecast the future shopping trends. Recommendations were also made to online stores and shopping mall operators to cope with shoppers' preferences and maximise their profit. / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management