Um ensaio de carga dinâmica pode ser efetuado em tubulões, estacas hélice continua, estacas moldadas in situ ou estacas cravadas. Tal ensaio se baseia na Teoria da Propagação de Onda em estacas e visa avaliar a capacidade de carga estática mobilizada a partir do evento dinâmico. A análise do ensaio é feita mediante um programa (p.e. CAPWAP ou DLTWAVE), computacional que leva em conta tanto os sinais de força e velocidade obtidas em campo e o modelo do sistema estaca-solo Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para atualização bayesiana dos parâmetros de Smith da teoria de propagação de onda, levando em conta não só os sinais registrados, mas também a informação geotécnica-probabilista prévia sobre estes parâmetros. Uma aproximação semelhante já foi aplicada pelo orientador da pesquisa à estimativa de parâmetros geotécnicos de rochas a partir de medidas de deslocamento em túneis, e de campos de permeabilidade a partir de observações piezométricas em barragens. A técnica proposta está baseada firmemente em conhecimento empírico geotécnico que fornece o ensaio e erro do procedimento usual de comparação de sinais: a atualização bayesiana permite aos parâmetros afetados por incerteza maior ter um ajuste proporcionalmente maior de acordo com observações. O máximo deslocamento elástico (quake), o fator de amortecimento (damping) e a resistência estática unitária, de cada trecho da estaca, são considerados variáveis aleatórias com distribuições prévias estimadas dependendo do local de cravação da estaca. Discute-se e calcula-se a correlação cruzada entre parâmetros diferentes e autocorrelação ao longo de profundidade da estaca. As observações são escolhidas do sinal calculado por um software de análise de sinais de cravação, em espaços regulares ao longo do tempo. Postula-se um modelo linear de observação, pesquisa-se tal linearidade, também, deriva-se uma matriz de sensibilidade (ligando cada parâmetro a cada observação), e estimam-se também as incertezas nas observações (sinais). O resultado final é uma distribuição de parâmetros de Smith ao longo da profundidade de estacas, atualizada de acordo com as observações. A aproximação proposta é aplicada em sinais de um dos momentos da cravação, no final da cravação (\'end of driving\', EOD). / An dynamic loading test can be performed in concrete piles, bored piles, drilled shafts, auger cast-in-place (continuous flight auger) piles. Such essay bases on the Theory of the Propagation of Wave in piles with the aim of evaluate the capacity of static load mobilized from the dynamic event. The analysis of the test is made by a PC program (p.e. CAPWAP or DLTWAVE), that takes into account the signals of force and velocity obtained in field and the pile-soil model. This work presents a methodology for bayesian updating of Smith\'s parameters, taking into account not just the recorded signals, but also the prior geotechnical-probabilistic information about these parameters. A similar approach has already been applied by the senior author to the estimation of rock geotechnical parameters from displacement measurements in tunnels, and of permeability fields in embankment dams from piezometric observations. The proposed technique is deemed more firmly based on sound geotechnical knowledge than the usual trial and error signal matching procedure: bayesian updating allows for parameters affected by larger uncertainty to undergo proportionately larger adjustment according to observations. Quake, damping and static resistance are considered random variables, with prior distributions assessed from information about the geotechnical characteristics of the soils the pile is driven into. Cross-correlation between different parameters and auto-correlation along pile depth are discussed and estimated. Signals measured at some properly selected times are the chosen observations. A linear observation model, linking observations to parameters, is postulated, linearity is investigated, a sensitivity matrix (linking each parameter to each observation) is derived, and uncertainty in the observations (signals) is estimated. The final result is a distribution of Smith\'s parameters along pile depth, updated in accordance with the observations. The proposed approach is tested in end of driving (EOD) signal.

Σεισμικά γεγονότα τα οποία προέρχονται από σεισμικές πηγές των οποίων η απόσταση μεταξύ τους είναι πολύ μικρότερη από την απόσταση μέχρι τον κοντινότερο σταθμό καταγραφής, είναι γνωστά στη βιβλιογραφία σαν όμοια σεισμικά γεγονότα και αποτελούν αντικείμενο έρευνας εδώ και μια εικοσαετία. Η διαδικασία επαναπροσδιορισμού των υποκεντρικών παραμέτρων ή επανεντοπισμού όμοιων σεισμικών γεγονότων οδηγεί σε εκτιμήσεις των παραμέτρων που είναι συνήθως μεταξύ μίας και δύο τάξεων μεγέθους μικρότερου σφάλματος από τις αντίστοιχες των συνηθισμένων διαδικασιών εντοπισμού και επομένως, μπορεί εν δυνάμει να παράξει μια λεπτομερέστερη εικόνα της σεισμικότητας μιας περιοχής, από την οποία μπορεί στη συνέχεια να προκύψει η ακριβής χαρτογράφηση των ενεργών ρηγμάτων της. Πρόκειται για μια σύνθετη διαδικασία που μπορεί να αναλυθεί στα παρακάτω τρία βασικά βήματα: 1. Αναγνώριση ομάδων όμοιων σεισμικών γεγονότων. 2. Υπολογισμός διαφορών χρόνων άφιξης μεταξύ όμοιων σεισμικών γεγονότων. 3. Επίλυση προβλήματος αντιστροφής. Το πρώτο από τα παραπάνω βήματα είναι η αναγνώριση των λεγόμενων σεισμικών οικογενειών που υπάρχουν στον διαθέσιμο κατάλογο και έχει ξεχωριστή σημασία για την ολική επιτυχία της διαδικασίας. Μόνο εάν εξασφαλιστεί η ορθότητα της επίλυσης αυτού του προβλήματος τίθενται σε ισχύ οι προϋποθέσεις για την εφαρμογή της διαδικασίας και άρα έχει νόημα η γεωλογική ανάλυση που ακολουθεί. Είναι επίσης ένα πρόβλημα που απαντάται και σε άλλες γεωλογικές εφαρμογές, όπως είναι για παράδειγμα ο αυτόματος εντοπισμός του ρήγματος γένεσης ενός άγνωστου σεισμικού γεγονότος μέσω της σύγκρισής του με διαθέσιμες αντιπροσωπευτικές οικογένειες. Το πρόβλημα της αναγνώρισης είναι στην ουσία ένα πρόβλημα ταξινόμησης και ως εκ τούτου προϋποθέτει την επίλυση δύο σημαντικών επιμέρους υποπροβλημάτων. Συγκεκριμένα, αυτό της αντιστοίχισης των σεισμικών κυματομορφών (matching problem) και αυτό της κατηγοριοποίησής τους (clustering problem). Το πρώτο έχει να κάνει με τη σύγκριση όλων των δυνατών ζευγών σεισμογραμμάτων του καταλόγου ώστε να εντοπισθούν όλα τα όμοια ζεύγη, ενώ το δεύτερο αφορά την ομαδοποίηση των ομοίων σεισμογραμμάτων ώστε να προκύψουν οι σεισμικές οικογένειες. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της εργασίας, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις ιδιομορφίες που υπεισέρχονται στο παραπάνω πρόβλημα ταξινόμησης από τις ιδιαιτερότητες των σεισμογραμμάτων αλλά και την ιδιαίτερη φύση της εφαρμογής, προτείνουμε μια μέθοδο σύγκρισης που βασίζεται σε μια γενικευμένη μορφή του συντελεστή συσχέτισης και μια μέθοδο κατηγοριοποίησης βασισμένη σε γράφους, με στόχο την αποτελεσματική αλλά και αποδοτική επίλυσή του. / Seismic events that occur in a confined region, meaning that the distance separating the sources is very small compared to the distance between the sources and the recording station, are known in the literature as similar seismic events and have been under study for the past two decades. The re-estimation of the hypocenter parameters or the relocation of similar events gives an estimation error that is between one and two orders of magnitude lower that the one produced by the conventional location procedures. As a result, the application of this approach creates a much more detailed image of the seismicity of the region under study, from which the exact mapping of the active faults of the region can occur. The relocation procedure is in fact a complex procedure, consisting of three basic steps: 1. Identification of groups of similar seismic events. 2. Estimation of the arrival time differences between events of the same group. 3. Solution of the inverse problem. The first of the above steps, namely the identification of the seismic families of the given catalog plays an important role in the total success of the procedure, since only the correct solution of this problem can ensure that the requirements for the application of the procedure are met and therefore the geological analysis that is based on its outcome is meaningful. The problem is also encountered in other geological applications, such as the automatic location of the fault mechanism of an unknown event by comparison with available representative families. The problem of the identification of the seismic families is a classification problem and as such, requires the solution of two subproblems, namely the matching problem and the clustering problem. The object of the first one is the comparison of all the possible event pairs of the catalog with the purpose of locating all the existing similar pairs, while the second one is concerned with the grouping of the similar pairs into seismic families. In this work, taking into consideration the particularities that supersede the classification problem described above due to the special nature of the seismograms and also the specific requirements of the application, we propose a comparing method which is based on a generalized form of the correlation coefficient and a graph – based clustering technique, as an effective solution of the problem at hand.

Um ensaio de carga dinâmica pode ser efetuado em tubulões, estacas hélice continua, estacas moldadas in situ ou estacas cravadas. Tal ensaio se baseia na Teoria da Propagação de Onda em estacas e visa avaliar a capacidade de carga estática mobilizada a partir do evento dinâmico. A análise do ensaio é feita mediante um programa (p.e. CAPWAP ou DLTWAVE), computacional que leva em conta tanto os sinais de força e velocidade obtidas em campo e o modelo do sistema estaca-solo Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para atualização bayesiana dos parâmetros de Smith da teoria de propagação de onda, levando em conta não só os sinais registrados, mas também a informação geotécnica-probabilista prévia sobre estes parâmetros. Uma aproximação semelhante já foi aplicada pelo orientador da pesquisa à estimativa de parâmetros geotécnicos de rochas a partir de medidas de deslocamento em túneis, e de campos de permeabilidade a partir de observações piezométricas em barragens. A técnica proposta está baseada firmemente em conhecimento empírico geotécnico que fornece o ensaio e erro do procedimento usual de comparação de sinais: a atualização bayesiana permite aos parâmetros afetados por incerteza maior ter um ajuste proporcionalmente maior de acordo com observações. O máximo deslocamento elástico (quake), o fator de amortecimento (damping) e a resistência estática unitária, de cada trecho da estaca, são considerados variáveis aleatórias com distribuições prévias estimadas dependendo do local de cravação da estaca. Discute-se e calcula-se a correlação cruzada entre parâmetros diferentes e autocorrelação ao longo de profundidade da estaca. As observações são escolhidas do sinal calculado por um software de análise de sinais de cravação, em espaços regulares ao longo do tempo. Postula-se um modelo linear de observação, pesquisa-se tal linearidade, também, deriva-se uma matriz de sensibilidade (ligando cada parâmetro a cada observação), e estimam-se também as incertezas nas observações (sinais). O resultado final é uma distribuição de parâmetros de Smith ao longo da profundidade de estacas, atualizada de acordo com as observações. A aproximação proposta é aplicada em sinais de um dos momentos da cravação, no final da cravação (\'end of driving\', EOD). / An dynamic loading test can be performed in concrete piles, bored piles, drilled shafts, auger cast-in-place (continuous flight auger) piles. Such essay bases on the Theory of the Propagation of Wave in piles with the aim of evaluate the capacity of static load mobilized from the dynamic event. The analysis of the test is made by a PC program (p.e. CAPWAP or DLTWAVE), that takes into account the signals of force and velocity obtained in field and the pile-soil model. This work presents a methodology for bayesian updating of Smith\'s parameters, taking into account not just the recorded signals, but also the prior geotechnical-probabilistic information about these parameters. A similar approach has already been applied by the senior author to the estimation of rock geotechnical parameters from displacement measurements in tunnels, and of permeability fields in embankment dams from piezometric observations. The proposed technique is deemed more firmly based on sound geotechnical knowledge than the usual trial and error signal matching procedure: bayesian updating allows for parameters affected by larger uncertainty to undergo proportionately larger adjustment according to observations. Quake, damping and static resistance are considered random variables, with prior distributions assessed from information about the geotechnical characteristics of the soils the pile is driven into. Cross-correlation between different parameters and auto-correlation along pile depth are discussed and estimated. Signals measured at some properly selected times are the chosen observations. A linear observation model, linking observations to parameters, is postulated, linearity is investigated, a sensitivity matrix (linking each parameter to each observation) is derived, and uncertainty in the observations (signals) is estimated. The final result is a distribution of Smith\'s parameters along pile depth, updated in accordance with the observations. The proposed approach is tested in end of driving (EOD) signal.