In letzter Zeit rückte die Entwicklung der Mittelschicht vermehrt in den Fokus der öffentlichen Debatte. Um Fragen bezüglich der Einkommensverteilung in Europa und Österreich zu beantworten, untersucht dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung von drei Einkommensschichten in 20 europäischen Ländern. Dafür wird mithilfe des EU-SILC-Datensatzes die Verteilung der verfügbaren Äquivalenzeinkommen zwischen 2004 und 2012 analysiert. Auf europäischer Ebene wird versucht zu klären, ob Länder desselben Wohlfahrtsstaatsregimes ähnliche Veränderungen in ihrer Einkommensverteilung aufweisen. Auf Länderebene wird die Lage Österreichs vertieft behandelt. Hierbei wird auf die Haushaltszusammensetzung nach Einkommensschichten und die Auswirkungen der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise eingegangen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich wohlfahrtsstaatliche Gemeinsamkeiten innerhalb von konservativen, liberalen und postsozialistischen Typen erkennen lassen. In Bezug auf die Mittelschicht kann gezeigt werden, dass sich diese in knapp mehr als der Hälfte der untersuchten Länder vergrößert. Nicht so in Österreich, wo es zu einem Rückgang der Mittelschicht von -4,2 % gekommen ist.

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We take advantage of the fact that for the Austrian SILC 2008-2011, two data sources are available in parallel for the same households: register-based and survey-based income data. Thus, we aim to explain which households tend to under- or over-report their household income by estimating multinomial logit and OLS models with covariates referring to the interview situation, employment status and socio-demographic household characteristics. Furthermore, we analyze source-specific differences in the distribution of household income and how these differences affect aggregate poverty indicators based on household income. The analysis reveals an increase in the cross-sectional poverty rates for 2008-2011 and the longitudinal poverty rate if register data rather than survey data are used. These changes in the poverty rate are mainly driven by differences in employment income rather than sampling weights and other income components. Regression results show a pattern of mean-reverting errors when comparing household income between the two data sources. Furthermore, differences between data sources for both under-reporting and over-reporting slightly decrease with the number of panel waves in which a household participated. Among the other variables analyzed that are related to the interview situation (mode, proxy, interview month), only the number of proxy interviews was (weakly) positively correlated with the difference between data sources, although this outcome was not robust over different model specifications.

The thesis deals with the comparison and assessment of the dependence of Czech Republic household income on the job held by the head of a household. It also deals with determining the poverty line and the subsequent identification of households that are below this line. The source of data was the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) carried out by the Czech Statistical Office for the years 2008 and 2010. Households were divided into groups according to the occupation of the head of the household. Net yearly income per consumption unit and the gross yearly income of households were monitored during the assessment of income. Household income during both periods is characterised by high kurtosis and is skewed to the right. There exists the premise that there are similarities with log-normal distribution.

The doctoral thesis offers a comprehensive view of income situation of the elderly and evaluates methodological procedures and indicators used for assessing the standard of living of seniors in the Czech Republic. This thesis describes status of the elderly in society according to the amount of their income. Furthermore, it offers an analysis categorised by regions. Moreover, it deals with depth of poverty and amount of funds needed, and it also compares differences between the working and non-working seniors. The thesis combines qualitative and quantitative data from the EU SILC and Household budgert survey (HBS) surveys, and from a primary survey in a form of a questionnaire. The results might be applied in social policy and in developing indicators of living standards.

The diploma thesis examines sources of poverty and material deprivation among households that exhibit similar characteristics in the Czech Republic. The data originate from the European Union - Survey on Income and Living Conditions between years 2009 - 2015. For the analysis, two rounds of binomial logistic regressions were carried out with poverty status and material deprivation as dependent factors. First, a total of 28 400 unique households were included in both models. Afterwards, a nearest-neighbor matching procedure was used to pair households that (1) live in poverty and (2) are materially deprived. That led to (1) 5 378 and (2) 9 406 observations for the subsequent estimations. The outcomes suggest that even when the similarity between households is accounted for the unemployment status is the most influential factor of poverty and material deprivation, alongside with low equivalised disposable income. Furthermore, the households for which housing costs entail great burden are among the more threatened. Numerous households are more likely to be poor and deprived while larger houses and flats are related with lesser odds of poverty and material deprivation.

The diploma thesis provides identification of low-income households in the Czech Republic and evaluates their living conditions. Primary data source is European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The thesis deals with income situation in Czech households and measures income inequality. Four ways are used for the determination of low-income households: income poverty line, first income decile, material deprivation and unemployment. The development of a number of low-income households and their income is evaluated in period 2007–2016. The combination of four previous methods identifies an extremely vulnerable part of the population. The structure of incomes of low-income households and the relevance of social transfers are explained. For assessment of living conditions in low-income households, the decomposition of the indicator of the material deprivation is used. The thesis reveals the determinants of income of households and identifies typical low-income households.

The financial situations of households are among the key factors influencing the market in the country. This thesis focuses on analyzing and evaluating the potential and financial position of Czech and Slovak households. It deals mainly with the analysis of data from the years 2004 to 2008, which is the period of the entrance of Slovakia and the Czech Republic into the European Union. The theoretical section describes events in particular, the economic and financial situation of households in those two countries during the observed years. The practical process uses different types of statistical methods and analysis to identify the financial situation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as identify the differences between them. The conclusion summarizes the findings and observations of the research findings, which are implemented in the practical section.

Poverty and material deprivation with focus on seniors in Czechia Abstract The diploma thesis adresses the issue of poverty and material deprivation, which are still very actual not only in developing countries but also in highly advanced societies. The initial information is The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) from 2019, supplemented by data from Eurostat and the Czech Statistical Office. The target group was defined as persons 65 years old or over. The main goal of the thesis is to determine the chances of being a poor or materially deprived senior based on selected sociodemographic characteristics, which are gender, age groups, marital status and the highest educational attainment. The core analysis was performed using Binary Logistic Regression. The highest odds of being poor or materially deprived comes from single seniors with basic education. The age categories with the highest chance vary in individual analyses, however, they are always 80-84 years of age, 85-89 years of age or 90 years and older. Concerning gender, senior women always have a higher chance to be poor and also materially deprived than senior men. Furthermore, the probabilities of poverty and material deprivation were calculated as part of the search for answers to the research question. Clear...