Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that offers advantages over traditional fusion welding. The amount of heat generated during a FSW process greatly influences the final properties of the weld. The heat is generated through two main mechanisms: friction and plastic deformation, with friction being the larger contributor in a FSW process. There is a need to develop better predictive models of the heat generation and heat transfer in FSW. Almost all models seen in the literature validate temperature predictions on only one side of the tool/workpiece interface, thus ignoring possible inaccuracy that comes from incorrect partitioning of heat generated by friction. This work seeks to model and validate both sides of the interface by matching experimental results for both the plunge and steady state phases of FSW for AA 6061-T6. Proper model validation allowed for a study of the sensitivity of the model predictions to changes in the friction coefficient and heat transfer coefficient at the tool/workpiece interface. Most models in the literature use the Coulomb friction law with a fixed friction coefficient, even though the Norton law better incorporates local material behavior. As such, for the plunge phase of FSW, a method for achieving a time dependent friction coefficient was developed and employed to match experimental temperatures, using Norton's viscoplastic friction law. A friction coefficient of 0.65 was used at the start of the plunge phase, decreasing to 0.08 during the steady state phase. This decrease in magnitude from plunge to steady state is similar to the decrease of the Coulomb friction coefficient calculated by Meyghani et al in a 2017 study. Tuning the models resulted in temperature predictions that differed from experimental measurements by no more than 1.5 percent for the non-steady state plunge and by no more than 9 percent for the steady state simulation. For both models, changes in the heat transfer coefficient had a large effect on tool temperature and very little effect on workpiece temperatures. Increasing the friction coefficient led to a proportional increase in temperature for both the tool and workpiece.

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Orientador : Wu Shin-Ting / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:43:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_VanioFragoso_D.pdf: 1580241 bytes, checksum: 61e5b4c09418c6c4e71a4c96ad52c667 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de modelo computacional de superfície deformável. Há duas vertentes de modelos de superfícies deformáveis fisicamente embasados: modelos de mecânica das partículas e modelos de mecânica dos contínuos. Os modelos de mecânica dos contínuos são mais realísticos e intuitivos, por se basearem numa estrutura geométrica contínua e utilizarem os elementos de Geometria Diferencial para a sua análise. Similar a maioria dos modelos deformáveis com base na mecânica dos contínuos, propomos um modelo de superfície deformável com base na superfície de Cosserat elástica. Diferentemente dos modelos existentes na literatura de Computação Gráfica e Animação, o nosso modelo considera a relação entre as deformações tangenciais e normais, e inclui um novo paradigma lineariz ável para estimar os vetores normais. Isto possibilita a formação de dobras e rugas a partir da ação de forças tangenciais. Uma implementação é apresentada. Para corrigir alguns tipos de desequilíbrios criados pelo método das diferenças finitas empregado na discretização, propomos fatores de correções das forças internas atuantes nas bordas. Experimentalmente, o modelo proposto foi validado com aplicações para caimentos, para criação de dobras e rugas de tecido de pano / Abstract: This doctoral thesis aims at presenting a proposal of a computational model for a deformable surface. There are two trends of deformable surface models that are physically based: particle systems and continuum mechanical models. The continuum mechanical models are more realistic and intuitive, since the underlying geometric structure is a continuum which can be analyzed with use of Differential Geometriy. Similar to most of works based on the continuum mechanics, we propose a deformable surface model based on an elastical Cosserat surface. Differently from the existing models in the Graphic Computer and Animation literature, our model considers a relation between the tangential and normal deformations, and integrate a novel linearizable approach for estimating the normal vectors. This provides an efficient way to simulate folds and wrinkles under the action of tangential forces. An implementation is presented. In order to correct some kinds of unbalance of forces, due to the methods of finite differences employed on the discretization, we propose correction factors for the internal forces that act on the boundaries. Experimentally, the proposed model was validated in the simulations of cloth draping, folds and wrinkles of cloth / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

La microscopie interférométrique est une méthode de mesure qui repose sur l’acquisition et le traitement du signal issu de l’interaction de deux ondes, dites ondes « objet » et de « référence ». Ces ondes proviennent des réflexions de la lumière sur un miroir de référence et sur l’échantillon étudié. Bien qu’étant généralement utilisées pour les analyses topographiques ou tomographiques d’un échantillon, les données interférométriques peuvent être exploitées pour réaliser des caractérisations spectrales locales résolues dans les trois directions de l’espace. Dans ce projet, nous avons étudié les performances de cette technique ainsi que ses limitations lorsque l’échantillon se complexifie (dégradation du signal d’interférences). L’analyse a été appliquée à des matériaux réfléchissants pour des mesures en surface puis à des couches transparentes et diffusantes pour aller sonder le milieu en profondeur et extraire la réponse spectrale individuelle de structures localisées dans ce milieu. / White light interference microscopy is a measurement method based on the acquisition and processing of the signal coming from the interaction between two wave fronts, known as the “object” and “reference” wave-fronts. These waves come from the reflection of the light on a reference mirror and the sample studied. Usually used for topographic or tomographic analysis of a sample, the interferometric data can be exploited for spectroscopic purposes. The resulting spectral characterizations are spatially resolved in the three directions of space. In this project, we have studied the performance of this technique, as well as the associated limitations when the sample becomes more complex (degradation of the interferometric signal). The analysis has been first applied to reflective materials for surface measurements and subsequently to transparent and scattering layers for probing within the depth of the medium and then extracting the individual spectral response of the buried structures.