Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des pertes de pression pour des écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques inertiels au travers de milieux poreux. Son objectif est d’aider à la compréhension et à la modélisation des transferts de quantité de mouvement à l’intérieur de lits de particules, en lien avec la problématique de la gestion d’un accident grave dans un réacteur nucléaire. En effet, lors d’un tel accident, la dégradation du coeur du réacteur peut amener celui-ci à s’effondrer pour former un lit de débris, que l’on peut assimiler à un milieu poreux à haute température et dégageant de la chaleur. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche en sûreté nucléaire visant à prédire la refroidissabilité d’un lit de débris par injection d’eau, ou « renoyage ». Une étude expérimentale des pertes de pression pour des écoulements monodimensionnels monophasiques et diphasiques à froid est proposée dans des situations représentatives du cas réacteur, en termes de granulométrie, de formes de particules et de vitesses d’écoulement. Les expériences réalisées apportent un complément important aux données existantes, en permettant notamment d’explorer les domaines d’écoulements diphasiques avec nombres de Reynolds liquides non nuls, tout en mesurant le taux de vide, ce qui est essentiel pour une modélisation. Des modèles prédictifs pour les pertes de pression à l’intérieur d’écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques au travers de lits de particules sont établis à partir des structures d’équations obtenues par une prise de moyenne volumique des équations de conservation locales. L’observation des écoulements monophasiques montrent que des lois de type Darcy-Forchheimer avec une correction quadratique en vitesse de filtration sont à même de prédire les pertes de pression avec une précision supérieure à 10%. Une étude numérique a montré que ce résultat est applicable pour un lit désordonné de particules peu rugueuses. L’étude des écoulements diphasiques montre qu’une structure d’équations de type Darcy-Forchheimer généralisée, incluant des termes supplémentaires pour prendre en compte les effets inertiels et les frottements interfaciaux, permet de reproduire le comportement des pertes de pression dans cette situation. Un nouveau modèle est proposé, et comparé aux données expérimentales et aux modèles utilisés dans les codes de simulation des accidents graves. / This work deals with single and two-phase flow pressure losses in porous media. The aim is to improve understanding and modeling of momentum transfer inside particle beds, in relation with nuclear safety issues concerning the reflooding of debris beds during severe nuclear accidents. Indeed, the degradation of the core during such accidents can lead to the collapse of the fuel assemblies, and to the formation of a debris bed, which can be described as a hot porous medium. This thesis is included in a nuclear safety research project on coolability of debris beds during reflooding sequences. An experimental study of single and two-phase cold-flow pressure losses in particle beds is proposed. The geometrical characteristics of the debris and the hydrodynamic conditions are representative of the real case, in terms of granulometry, particle shapes, and flow velocities. The new data constitute an important contribution. In particular, they contain pressure losses and void fraction measurements in two-phase air-water flows with non-zero liquid Reynolds numbers, which did not exist before. Predictive models for pressure losses in single and two-phase flow through particle beds have been established from experimental data. Their structures are based on macroscopic equations obtained from the volume averaging of local conservation equations. Single-phase flow pressure losses can be described by a Darcy-Forchheimer law with a quadratic correction, in terms of filtration velocity, with a better-than-10 % precision. Numerical study of single-phase flows through porous media shows that this correlation is valid for disordered smooth particle beds. Twophase flow pressure losses are described using a generalized Darcy-Forchheimer structure, involving inertial and cross flow terms. A new model is proposed and compared to the experimental data and to the usual models used in severe accident simulation codes.

Single-phase shade-pole motor has easy structure, and i tis chlap. It can be used as a drive of electrical fans, drive of small household appliancesor as a gramophonic motor. Motor is rotating one way only. Direction of roteting is given by positron of shading ring. Motor is not very effective, and i tis not efficient.

This work is in the first chapter deals with the basic properties of single phase and three-phase induction motors. The following describes the procedure for obtaining a starting torque of single-phase asynchronous motor. In the second part of the calculation is carried out single-phase induction motor with a permanently connected capacitor and its control, calculation of output values, the program proposed solution to this calculation in Microsoft Excel 2007 and calculated parameters of the development of methods of calculation were compared with measured, the values supplied by ATAS Náchod.

The aim of this master`s thesis is to introduce the principle of construction of a single-phase shade-pole motor and its utilization in automotive industry. It is very simple motor in its structure. The position of shading ring gives us the direction of rotation. It is used mainly when low efficiency is needed, e. g. to run electrical fans, small household appliancesor. Cheap construction is its undeniable advantage.

Die exakte Parametrierung von Schenkelpolmaschinen zur realitätsgetreuen Nachbildung in dynamischen Simulationsmodellen stellt in der Praxis eine große Herausforderung dar. Neben fundierten Kenntnissen über die durchzuführenden Messungen ist auch eine sachgemäße Interpretation der Messergebnisse erforderlich. Gerade bei Spezialmaschinen wie Einphasensynchrongeneratoren oder bei einem größeren Maschinenpark, welcher parametriert werden soll, kann der Aufwand unüberschaubar werden. Der gesamte Prozess ist insgesamt zeit- und kostenintensiv sowie fehleranfällig. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die generische und rechnergestützte Parameterbeschaffung von Schenkelpolsynchronmaschinen als Unterstützung der bisherigen Parametrierungsmethoden sowohl für 50-Hz-Drehstrommaschinen als auch für Spezialanwendungen wie Bahnstromgeneratoren oder Bahnumformer mit Sonderfrequenz 16,7 Hz. Für die Untersuchung von Dreiphasensynchronmaschinen hinsichtlich dynamischer Vorgänge in Simulationen kommen die Modellansätze in der absoluten und in der bezogenen Parameterebene zur Anwendung. Bei der Umrechnung dieser beiden Ebenen ineinander müssen die Stromverläufe für die gleiche Wicklungen identisch sein. Dies ist in der Praxis durch die häufige Vernachlässigung der Polstreureaktanz in den Ersatzschaltbildmodellen für Maschinen mit explizit ausgeführtem Dämpferkäfig nicht garantiert. Für Einphasenschenkelpolmaschinen ist darüber hinaus keine Darstellung mit bezogenen Parametern existent gewesen, sodass in dieser Arbeit die Modifikation der bekannten Modelle erfolgt, um auch die Einphasenmaschine der bezogenen Darstellung zugänglich zu machen. Weiterhin wird eine Methode entwickelt, die Polstreureaktanz näherungsweise simulativ zu ermitteln und dadurch die Stromverläufe äquivalenter Wicklungen in absoluter und bezogener Darstellung für sowohl für Ein- als auch für Dreiphasenmaschinen anzugleichen. Die zu parametrierende Maschine wird zunächst virtuell konstruiert und durch einen genetischen Algorithmus so lange optimiert, bis sie anhand weniger vorgegebener Zielkriterien der realen Maschine am nächsten kommt. Grundlage stellt ein aus der Fachliteratur recherchierter und in einigen Teilen in dieser Arbeit komplettierter Entwurfsprozess für Schenkelpolmaschinen dar. Dieser Entwurfsprozess wird durch die Entwicklung von grafischen Annäherungsfunktionen in seiner Genauigkeit deutlich verbessert, in dem diese die Stromverläufe der absoluten und bezogenen Parameterebene angleichen. Die Funktionsweise des erarbeiteten Verfahrens wird anhand von 13 realen Referenzmaschinen validiert, die durch den zusammengeführten und vervollständigten Entwurfsprozess allesamt exakt parametriert werden können. Weitere in der Dissertation entwickelte Möglichkeiten zur vereinfachten Parameterermittlung sind Vorgaben von vektoriellen Größen als Messgrößen oder von geometrischen Abmessungen für den Algorithmus. Das so entwickelte valide Verfahren stellt die Basis für weitergehende Optimierungsansätze dar. Der technische und wirtschaftliche Mehrwert besteht in einer Unterstützung bisheriger Parameteridentifikationsverfahren nach DIN EN 60034-4. Durch eine Kopplung mit einem zweiten Genetischen Algorithmus werden exemplarisch für alle Maschinen diejenigen Messungen aus der Norm identifiziert, die mindestens benötigt werden, damit unter Zuhilfenahme des in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Verfahrens die Maschine korrekt parametriert werden kann. Der ermittelte reduzierte Messaufwand wird auf alle Maschinen erfolgreich adaptiert bei gleichbleibender Ergebnisgüte hinsichtlich dynamischer Strom- und Spannungsverläufe. Mit dem Verfahren kann die Anzahl der durchzuführenden Messungen an der realen Maschine deutlich gesenkt werden.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Inhaltsverzeichnis I Verzeichnis über verwendete Formelzeichen V Abkürzungsverzeichnis X Abbildungsverzeichnis XI Tabellenverzeichnis XV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Hintergrund 1 1.2 Stand der Technik bei der Parameterermittlung 2 1.3 Hauptaugenmerk der Arbeit 3 1.3.1 Parameteridentifikation 3 1.3.2 Modellübernahme und Parametertransformation 4 1.3.3 Abgrenzung des Themas 4 1.4 Vorgehensweise und Methodik 5 1.5 Resultierender Forschungsbedarf 7 2 Theoretische Grundlagen zur Modellbildung der Synchronmaschine 8 2.1 Zielstellung und Ausgangslage 8 2.2 Parameterebenen der Synchronmaschine 9 2.2.1 Standardisiertes Ersatzschaltbild und dessen Parameter 9 2.2.2 Parameterebenen und deren Berechnungsmöglichkeiten 10 2.3 Modellbeschreibung der Synchronmaschine 13 2.3.1 Maschinenmodell auf Basis der Hauptflussverkettungen 13 2.3.2 Gleichungssystem der Synchronmaschine im dq-System 16 2.3.3 Bezugsgrößen und ihre Umrechnung in absolute Parameter 18 2.3.4 Anpassen des Drehphasenmodells für Einphasenmaschinen 21 2.3.5 Transformationsbeziehungen 23 2.4 Simulationsmodell der Synchronmaschine 28 2.4.1 Modellübersicht 28 2.4.2 Kurzbeschreibung der Maschinenmodelle 29 2.4.3 Lasteinprägung in das Synchronmaschinenmodell 31 2.4.4 Numerische Lösung des Differentialgleichungssystems 35 2.4.5 Vergleich der dynamischen Simulation zwischen absoluter und bezogener Parameterebene 36 2.5 Notwendige Primärdaten zur Berechnung der Simulationsparameter 38 2.5.1 Darstellung der Versuche aus der Norm 38 2.5.2 Ablaufplan 39 2.5.3 Formelsatz zur exakten Bestimmung der Rotorwiderstände und der gemeinsamen Polstreureaktanz 41 2.6 Haupteinflussgrößen auf die dynamische Simulation und deren Güte 42 2.6.1 Einleitung 42 2.6.2 Diskussion der Simulationen 43 2.6.3 Erkenntnisse 50 3 Konstruktiver Aufbau der Synchronmaschine 52 3.1 Zielstellung und Ausgangslage 52 3.2 Stator- und Rotorelemente 52 3.2.1 Grundlegender Aufbau 52 3.2.2 Wicklungsaufbau 54 3.2.3 Statorwicklungsaufbau bei Einphasen- und Dreiphasenmaschinen 57 3.3 Rotorkonstruktion und Polwicklungen 58 3.3.1 Konstruktiver Aufbau 58 3.3.2 Polform 59 3.3.3 Varianten der Erregerwicklung 61 3.3.4 Varianten der Dämpferwicklung 62 3.3.5 Trägheitsmoment 66 3.4 Zusammenstellung der verschiedenen Maschinenarten 68 3.4.1 Ausblick 68 3.4.2 Vereinfachungen 68 4 Beschreibung der Entwurfsrechnung 70 4.1 Zielstellung und Ausgangslage 70 4.2 Absolute Parameter und ihre Berechnung 71 4.2.1 Einleitung 71 4.2.2 Formelsatz zur Berechnung der absoluten Parameter 72 4.3 Berechnung der Hauptinduktivitäten 74 4.3.1 Ablaufplan bei der Ermittlung 74 4.3.2 Ermittlung der Längs- und Querinduktivitäten 75 4.3.3 Bestimmung der Hauptabmessungen 75 4.3.4 Ermittlung der Statorstreuinduktivität 78 4.4 Berechnung der Erregerwicklung 83 4.4.1 Berechnung des notwendigen Leiterquerschnitts der Erregerwicklung 83 4.4.2 Berechnung der Bezugsgrößen und des Übersetzungsverhältnisses 88 4.5 Berechnung der Dämpferwicklung 89 4.5.1 Maschinen mit künstlich ausgeführtem Dämpferkäfig 89 4.5.2 Maschinen mit natürlicher Dämpfung 92 4.6 Mechanische Auslegung – Trägheitsmoment 92 4.6.1 Einleitung 92 4.6.2 Empirische Näherungsformel 93 4.7 Flexible Parameter 95 5 Der Genetische Algorithmus als Steuerungsmodul des Entwurfgangs 97 5.1 Übersicht 97 5.1.1 Grundsätzliche Funktionsweise eines Evolutionären Algorithmus 97 5.1.2 Anforderungen an den Optimierungsalgorithmus 98 5.2 Konkrete Anwendung auf den Entwurfsprozess 100 5.2.1 Übersicht 100 5.2.2 Zielkriterien 101 5.2.3 Konvergenzkriterien 103 5.2.4 Mehrfache Berechnung der Maschinen 104 6 Validierungsprozess 106 6.1 Vorhandene Datenlage und Komplettierung der Parametersätze 106 6.1.1 Zielstellung 106 6.1.2 Analyse des Maschinenparks 107 6.1.3 Grundeinstellungen 109 6.2 Nachrechnen der bezogenen Parameter unter Berücksichtigung der Polstreureaktanz 111 6.2.1 Zielstellung 111 6.2.2 Simulation mit Standardzielkriterien 113 6.2.3 Optimierung der Zielkriterien mittels grafischer Angleichung 119 6.2.4 Größenordnung der gemeinsamen Polstreureaktanz 128 6.2.5 Berechnung des Trägheitsmomentes 131 6.3 Validierung der absoluten Parameterebene 132 6.3.1 Referenzparameter der absoluten Parameterebene 132 6.3.2 Vergleich mit den berechneten Modelldaten 132 6.4 Parameterermittlung durch Vorgabe eines Messverlaufs 134 6.4.1 Messverlauf 134 6.4.2 Ergebnisse bei Vorgabe des Erregerstroms 136 6.5 Bestimmung der Minimalversuche 139 6.5.1 Zielstellung und Vorbereitung 139 6.5.2 Simulationsaufbau 140 6.5.3 Simulation 142 6.5.4 Anwendung der Minimalparametersätze auf den Maschinenpark 151 7 Zusammenfassung 154 7.1 Zielstellung der Arbeit 154 7.1.1 Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Parametrierung von Schenkelpolmaschinen 154 7.1.2 Schlussfolgerungen 155 7.2 Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen 156 7.3 Modellkritik und Ausblick 158 Literaturverzeichnis 160 Verzeichnis über Anhänge 164 VERZEICHNIS ÜBER ANHÄNGE A Weiterführende Maschinenberechnung 166 A.1 Berechnung der Koppel- und Eigeninduktivitäten des Erreger- und Dämpferstromkreises 166 A.2 Berechnung der Wicklungsfaktoren für die Dämpferwicklung 167 A.3 Berechnung der Streuziffern für die Dämpfer- und Erregerwicklung 169 B Tabellen zur Grafischen Konvergenz 176 B.1 Versuch ohne Grafische Konvergenz 176 B.2 Versuch GK I 176 B.3 Versuch GK II 176 B.4 Versuch GK III 177 C Versuche zur Polstreureaktanz 178 C.1 Erläuterungen 178 C.2 Rotorgrößen bei Vorgabe der Polstreureaktanz 178 D Einfluss der Polstreureaktanz auf den Entwurfsprozess 180 D.1 Erläuterungen 180 D.2 Rotorgrößen – Vergleich dynamische Simulation absolute und bezogene Parameterbene mit Polstreureaktanz 180 D.3 Rotorgrößen – Vergleich dynamische Simulation absolute und bezogene Parameterbene ohne Polstreureaktanz 185 E Versuche zu Messverläufen 190 E.1 Erläuterungen 190 E.2 Statorgrößen 190 E.3 Rotorgrößen 192 F Versuche zu Minimalversuchen 194 F.1 Erläuterungen 194 F.2 Statorgrößen 194 F.3 Rotorgrößen 196 G Ermittelte Referenzparameter anhand der PU-Werte der Datenblätter 198 G.1 Erläuterung 198 G.2 Maschinensätze 198

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Battery energy storage system (BESS) is promising to be implemented in residential applications for supporting PV integration, load shifting, and backup power purposes. For this application, 48V second-life battery draws more and more attentions for their cost-effectiveness, safe voltage level, reliability, and potential large market. This thesis proposes the comprehensive control and design of an isolated battery-driven grid interface (IBDGI) with the dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter for residential applications with 48V battery pack. The three-phase DAB converter is a promising candidate as the front-end DC/DC converter in the two-stage IBDGI due to its high efficiency, high power density, and low capacitance requirement. An effective design strategy for the three-phase DAB converter is proposed based on the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) zone and back-ow power to achieve high efficiency for a wide operating voltage range and different load conditions. Based on the power loss model, an easily-implemented variable switching frequency operating method is proposed to further increase the efficiency at light load conditions. The dead-time effect is observed in the three-phase DAB converter. To avoid the dead-time effect and better understand the phenomena, a comprehensive analysis is proposed. All the cases of the dead-time effect in the three-phase DAB converter are analyzed in terms of the buck, boost, and matching states. The expressions of the transmission power, constraint conditions, and key time of the dead-time effect are derived for each state. The operation waveforms of the dead-time effect are also presented. The hybrid capacitor bank composed by the LC resonant lter with electrolytic capacitor and lm capacitor is utilized for the DC bus of the IBGDI. The electrolytic capacitors work as passive decoupling purpose while the lm capacitor is responsible for high switching harmonic ltering. Moreover, a current sharing method between the hybrid capacitor bank is proposed to extend the electrolytic capacitor's life. The LCL single-phase inverter is applied for the downstream of the IBDGI. A step-by-step design procedure of the LCL lter with passive damping is proposed for the 120V/240V dual grid-tied and standalone modes. The PR controllers are also designed for the LCL inverter for standalone and grid-tied modes. At the system level, a novel second harmonic current (SHC) reduction strategy is proposed for the IBDGI with the three-phase DAB converter by adding a load current feedforward (LCFF) path to the DAB voltage closed-loop controller. This method will suppress the SHC without modi cations of the original controller's bandwidth, which make it easy to be implemented. The small-signal model of the three-phase DAB converter is provided and veri ed by the step response. The parameter sensitivity analysis for the LCFF method is proposed to show that the SHC is well suppressed within ±20% parameter error. The proposed converter and control methods are veri ed by simulation and experimental results. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

People unconsciously learn spatial information about places they encounter frequently, leading them to search through familiar scenes faster than for unfamiliar scenes. We explored this phenomenon—the contextual cueing effect—in scenes containing images of different human faces. Participants searched through a series of scenes for a target among distractors, characterized as a letter T among letter L’s with each letter positioned on top of a face image (Experiment 1) or as a female face among male faces (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that when the binding of identity and location was manipulated during learning, slightly greater (but not statistically significant) contextual cueing effects were found for repeated scenes with constant identity-to-location binding than those repeated scenes with constant spatial configurations but shuffled identity-to-location binding. Experiment 2 showed that if the binding of identity-to-location changed after the learning of a set of identity-to-location binding, small (but not statistically significant) costs of contextual cueing were found. The results suggest that in the contextual cueing paradigm, repeated identity-to-location binding might be learned but the learning of repeated spatial configurations alone account for a major portion of the learning. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Rising fuel costs and concerns about air pollution have significantly increased interest in electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are equipped with rechargeable batteries that can be fully recharged by connecting to an external electrical source. However, the wider adoption of EVs is hindered by the need for an on-board charger system that is both lightweight and efficient. EVs utilize two main charging methods: on-board chargers (OBC) for regular charging and off-board (fast) chargers for quick refills of battery pack. Most EVs currently use 400V battery packs paired with 6.6kW or 11kW OBCs, while larger vehicles with over 100 kWh battery packs employ 16.5kW or 19.2kW OBCs, constrained by household voltage and current limits. Some manufacturers are transitioning to 800V battery packs to lower costs and enhance fast charging capabilities, necessitating the development of 800V OBCs with high efficiency and power density. For household use, EVs can charge via OBC in a grid-to-vehicle transfer and can supply energy back to the home or grid (vehicle-to-grid) for emergency use or to support smart grid functionalities, requiring bidirectional OBCs. Advanced power semiconductor devices have been instrumental in advancing power conversion technology. The introduction of power semiconductor devices based on wide bandgap (WBG) materials marks a revolutionary shift, offering potential improvements over silicon-based devices. These WBG devices are capable of achieving higher efficiency, and higher power density in power conversion at higher operation frequency. Elevating the switching frequency diminishes the voltage-second across the transformer, facilitating the utilization of printed-circuit-board (PCB) technology for the windings as opposed to Litz wire implementations. Compared to traditional Litz wire-based transformers, the manufacturing process is significantly streamlined, and the management of parasitic is considerably more straightforward. Furthermore, the integration of resonant inductors with PCB-based transformer results in a reduction in the overall number of magnetic components and improved power density. This dissertation focuses on the DC/DC conversion stage of a bi-directional battery charger. It aims to achieve high power density and high efficiency using a PCB-based integrated transformer, enhancing manufacturing processes. The dissertation details the specific accomplishments in this area: Firstly, a two-stage on-board charger structure for 800 V battery EVs is proposed. The first stage is a four-phase bridgeless totem pole AC/DC converter working at critical conduction mode (CRM) so that soft switching can be achieved for all the fast switches. The second stage is single phase CLLC (1PCLLC) converter which is attractive due to its less component counts of devices and driver circuits. A novel matrix integrated transformer with controllable built-in leakage inductance for bi-directional 1PCLLC converter was proposed. Integrating three UI-core-based (1UI-based) elemental transformers with non-perfectly interleaved winding structures into one 3UI-based integrated transformer can reduce the core loss significantly with a smaller footprint compared with three EI-core-based integrated transformers. The proposed integrated magnetics can be scalable for higher voltage and higher power converters by assembling more 1UI-based elemental transformers. A SiC-based 1PCLLC converter prototype operating at 250-kHz switching frequency for 11-kW OBC applications was built with the proposed integrated transformer, and it can achieve a power density of 250 W/in3 with maximum efficiency of 98.4%. Secondly, the challenge of increased common mode (CM) noise after adopting PCB-based windings in the design was discussed. The inter-winding capacitors between the primary and secondary windings act as a conduction path for high dv/dt CM noise, which can lead to electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. To address this, a winding cancellation method for an integrated matrix transformer in a 1PCLLC converter was proposed and validated. This approach was tested in an 11-kW 1PCLLC converter. The EMI measurement results align with the analysis, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method, which achieved a reduction in CM noise by 17dB. Furthermore, the 1PCLLC converter, incorporating the proposed planar matrix integrated transformer and winding cancellation technique, attained a power density of 420 W/in³ and a peak efficiency of 98.5%. Thirdly, to enhance efficiency further, the 1PCLLC converter is substituted with the proposed three-phase CLLC (3PCLLC) resonant converter equipped with three-phase rectifiers. The 3PCLLC converter becomes more promising for high power applications as its lower RMS current stress and automatic current sharing capabilities. It can achieve soft switching under all conditions. In addition, due to the symmetrical resonant tank, it is more suitable for bi-directional operation. Variable DC-link voltage is adopted so that the DC/DC stage can always work at its optimized point, providing best efficiency for the entire battery voltage. An improved core structure for the three-phase integrated transformer was proposed to reduce the core loss and simplify the magnetic components by integrating three primary resonant inductors, three secondary resonant inductors and three transformers into one magnetic component. A systematic method of converter design which includes the design of integrated transformer, converter loss optimization was adopted to design an 11kW 3PCLLC resonant converter. A SiC-based 3PCLLC converter prototype operating at 250-kHz switching frequency for 11-kW OBC applications was built with the proposed integrated transformer, and it can achieve a power density of 330 W/in3 with peak efficiency of 98.7%. Fourthly, the power level of OBC continues to increase to make up the large capacitance battery pack inside the EVs to relief the concern of mileage range. To address this challenge of higher power, a scalable matrix integrated transformer for multi-phase CLLC converter was proposed. A universal method of integrating magnetizing inductance with built-in leakage inductance based on multiple perfectly coupled transformers (PCTs). The integration of built-in leakage inductance can be achieved by connecting several PCTs using a standardized core type for cost considerations or can be further integrated into a customized core with interleaved magnetomotive force polarities across transformer legs to achieve better flux distribution and smaller core loss. The proposed concept can be applied to single-input single-output, and multiple-inputs multiple-outputs integrated transformer applications. A 3x3 PCTs-based integrated transformer built with PCB windings was designed for a 3PCLLC resonant converter, which integrates three primary resonant inductors, three secondary resonant inductors, and three transformers into one magnetic core to simplify the complexity of the converter. The effectiveness of the proposed concept was demonstrated through a high-efficiency, high-power density 3PCLLC DC/DC converter for an 800V 16.5kW OBC. The designed converter can achieve a power density of 500 W/in3 and a peak efficiency of 98.8%. / Doctor of Philosophy / Rising fuel costs and concerns about air pollution have significantly increased interest in electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are equipped with rechargeable batteries that can be fully recharged by connecting to an external electrical source. However, the wider adoption of EVs is hindered by the need for an on-board charger system that is both lightweight and efficient. The dissertation presents advances in OBC technology to address these challenges, focusing on the development of efficient, high-power density OBCs suitable for various EV applications. EVs utilize two main charging methods: on-board chargers (OBC) for regular charging and off-board (fast) chargers for quick refills of battery pack. Most EVs currently use 400V battery packs paired with 6.6kW or 11kW OBCs, while larger vehicles with over 100 kWh battery packs employ 16.5kW or 19.2kW OBCs, constrained by household voltage and current limits. Some manufacturers are transitioning to 800V battery packs to lower costs and enhance fast charging capabilities, necessitating the development of 800V OBCs with high efficiency and power density. For household use, EVs can charge via OBC in a grid-to-vehicle transfer and can supply energy back to the home or grid (vehicle-to-grid) for emergency use or to support smart grid functionalities, requiring bidirectional OBCs. Advanced power semiconductor devices have been instrumental in advancing power conversion technology. The introduction of power semiconductor devices based on wide bandgap (WBG) materials marks a revolutionary shift, offering potential improvements over silicon-based devices. These WBG devices are capable of achieving higher efficiency, and higher power density in power conversion at higher operation frequency. Elevating the switching frequency diminishes the voltage-second across the transformer, facilitating the utilization of printed circuit board (PCB) technology for the windings as opposed to Litz wire implementations. Compared to traditional Litz wire-based transformers, the manufacturing process is significantly streamlined, and the management of parasitic is considerably more straightforward. Furthermore, the integration of resonant inductors with PCB-based transformer results in a reduction in the overall number of magnetic components and improved power density. Addressing cost concerns, a novel, cost-effective single-phase converter design was proposed, achieving high efficiency with integrated magnetics. Additionally, the research tackled the challenge of electromagnetic interference (EMI) through a winding cancellation technique, significantly reducing common-mode noise and further improving the converter's performance. The research introduces an improved core structure for a three-phase integrated transformer, significantly reducing core loss and simplifying the design by combining multiple components into a single unit. This approach facilitated the creation of a high-efficiency, SiC-based converter prototype, demonstrating remarkable power density and peak efficiency compared with state-of-the-art solutions. To accommodate the increasing power requirements of OBCs, a scalable, matrix integrated transformer design was developed for multi-phase converters, optimizing cost and performance. This design simplifies the converter architecture, enhancing efficiency and power density, and is adaptable to both single and multiple output applications. These advancements offer promising solutions to the challenges hindering the wider adoption of EVs. The dissertation underscores the potential of advanced power conversion technologies, including the application of WBG devices, integrated magnetics to streamline converter design and enhance both the efficiency and power density of battery chargers.

The continual development of high-power-density power electronic converters is driven particularly by modern transportation applications like electrical vehicles and more electric aircraft where the space and carrier capability is limited. However, there are several challenges related to transportation applications such as fault tolerance for safety concern, high temperature operation in extreme environments and more strict electromagnetic compatibility requirement. These challenges will increase difficulties for more electrical system adoption in the transportation applications. In this dissertation, comprehensive methodologies including more efficient energy storage solution, better power electronics devices capability, better packaging performance and more compact EMI filter design are analyzed and proposed for the goal of high power density converter design in transportation applications. / Ph. D.