<p>In the present work studies were performed to provide understanding for further model development of the two-phase phenomena, film formation from o/w emulsions and slag foaming.</p><p>The drying of o/w emulsions of different oil viscosities on hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates was studied. The hydrophobic substrate was found to destabilise the oil droplets and to result in a different mechanism for forming continuous oil film. Studies of adsorption behaviour of a series of non-ionic diblock copolymers at relevant interfaces showed that the adsorption behaviour at hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces differed at high polymer concentration. Emulsion droplets were found to interact with the hydrophobic interface. Adsorption at silicone oil-water interface resembled adsorption at solid hydrophobic surfaces.</p><p>Gas was generated through chemical reaction at the interface between two immiscible liquids and the bubbles formation from the generated was studied optically. The gas bubble size was seen to be uninfluenced by the reaction rate. However, bubble formation was seen to take place in one of the phases, held up at the interface before detaching from the interface with a surrounding aqueous film. It was argued that this may affect the final bubble sizes.</p><p>Slag foaming at high temperatures was studied in laboratory scale with X-ray imaging under dynamic conditions. The foam displayed a fluctuating behaviour, which the presently available models are not able to take into account. The concept of foaming index was found to be unsatisfactory in describing the foaming behaviour under dynamic conditions, thus emphasizing the need for alternative theories. The rate of fluctuations was seen to be related to the difference between rate of gas generation and rate of gas escape from the system (U_g-U_e) as well as the bubble sizes. Thus, it seems like model development of dynamic foaming phenomenon has to take the effective chemical reaction rate as well as the bubble sizes into consideration</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-125). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153).

Increasing quantities of dredged material (DM) from navigation waterways have led to a growing need to find alternative methods of disposal. Using this material in earthwork construction is a very attractive avenue, but poses concern of quality from a geotechnical standpoint. By blending DM with granular materials like industrial steel slag fines (SSF), studies have showed that the geotechnical properties of the mixture are greatly enhanced. If these materials can be proven to be competitive for use in earthwork construction, they would pose as an economically viable alternative, and would obviate the need for the relatively expensive conventional granular backfill. The scope of this project entailed the characterization of pullout interaction of SSF-DM blends in different proportions with Tensar uniaxial geogrids to determine an optimal combination for usage in earthwork construction. The media used for testing included the individual SSF and DM materials, and the 80/20, 50/50 and 20/80 blends mixed based on dry unit weights of the individual components. The SSF media comprised of particles smaller than 3/8 in. and classified as SW, while the DM was classified OH soil. Two Tensar uniaxial geogrids UX1400 and UX1700 were undertaken for the study. Pullout tests were conducted and performances of all the blends are compared with each geogrid at various normal pressures. Pullout loads and interaction coefficients give an idea of the quality of the interaction, and are studied in this thesis. Also, various variables that could potentially affect the pullout interaction are identified and investigated. Results show remarkably high pullout resistances for the 100% SSF and 80/20 SSF/DM media, and high interaction coefficients indicating excellent pullout interaction, even better than conventional sands. It was also clear that the dredged material exhibits very poor pullout interaction with geogrids. The 50/50 and the 20/80 SSF/DM media were significantly lower than the 80/20 SSF/DM blend in terms of quality of pullout interaction, but still higher than the 100% DM. The results observed with the 80/20 SSF/DM blend show that it is a suitable backfill material and also poses to be a very competitive and cost-effective alternative to be used in earthwork construction. / text

Artefacts relating to tin smelting from tin mills or 'blowing houses' in Devon and Cornwall, plus material from smelting sites that cover a range of dates from the Bronze Age through to the 19th Century, were examined: these include metallic tin, furnace linings, ore samples and slag. Analysis of tin slags from over forty sites was carried out, to determine microstructure and chemical composition. Techniques employed included optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and ICP mass spectrometry. Analysis indicates that slag appearance and composition are heavily influenced by local geology. Composition, particularly iron content, is shown to have a strong effect on slag melting point and viscosity, and the implications for the purity of metal produced are discussed. Bringing together the evidence provided by slag chemistry, documentary sources and smelting remains in the archaeological record, changes in tin smelting technology through time, and the consequences thereof, are considered.

The present work is to study slag phenomena in steelmaking process. In order to attain thegoal, a number of high temperature experiments and simulation experiments were carried out. Four master slags were used to study the effect of CaF2 on slag viscosity. Experimentalresults indicated the effect of CaF2 on slag viscosity depended strongly on the composition ofmaster slag. For high basicity slags, CaF2 mainly suppressed the precipitation of solid phasesat lower temperatures, leading to a lower viscosity compared to CaF2-free slags. For slagswith higher SiO2 contents, CaF2 both lowered the viscosity of the liquid phase and suppressedthe precipitation of solid phases. The viscosities of solid-liquid mixtures were experimentally determined for silicon oilparaffinsystem at room temperature and solid-liquid oxide mixture at steelmakingtemperature. The results of both measurements indicated that the increasing trend of mixturesviscosity with particle fraction can be described by Einstein-Roscoe equation.Silicone oils of different viscosities were used to simulate slag foaming. The experimentalresults showed, at a constant viscosity, the foaming height increased first with superficialvelocity before reaching a maximum value. Thereafter, the foaming height decreased with thefurther increase of the superficial velocity. Similar, a maximum foaming height was observedat an optimum viscosity when a constant superficial gas velocity was applied. Based on theexperimental data, a semi-empirical equation of foaming height was developed. Thepredictions of the model agreed well with experiment data. The model could also reasonablywell explain the industrial pilot trial experiments. Water-silicon oils model and liquid alloy (Ga-In-Sn)- 12% HCl acid model were employed tosimulate the formation of open-eyes in a gas stirred ladle. The experimental results indicatedthat the viscosity of the top liquid and the interfacial tension between the two liquids had onlylittle effect on the open-eye size. A semi-empirical model was developed to describe the sizeof open-eye as functions of the gas flow rate, bath height and slag height. The two sets ofparameters obtained for the water and Ga-In-Sn models were very different. Industrial trialswere also conducted to examine the applicability of the models. Liquid alloy model couldwell predict the formation of an open-eye during ladle treatment. Two cold models, sodium tungstate-oil model and water-oil model, were carried out tosimulate the formation of droplets in a gas stirred ladle. The experimental results showed thatthe gas flow rate and interfacial tension had strong impact on the size of droplets. A semiempiricalmodel was developed to describe the size of droplets for water model. Meanwhile,the parameter obtained for water model can be used for sodium tungstate-silicone oil system.The results indicate the model has strong compatibility. / QC 20110419

Till följd av den hårda utbyggnaden av vårt samhälle åtgår en stor mängd naturresurser. Samtidigt som samhället utveckas sätts allt högre krav på att det ska hushållas med naturresurser, inte minst genom införandet av miljömålet en ”God bebyggd miljö”. Enligt detta miljömål ska användningen av såväl mark som naturresurser ske på ett så hållbart sätt som möjligt. Samtidigt med detta skapar den svenska stålindustrin över en miljon ton slagg årligen, varav en stor del deponeras. Då deponeringen är kostsam pågår i dagsläget många försök att finna användningsområden för slagg så att deponeringskostanden ska undvikas. Bland annat har slagg i vissa fall visats kunna ersätta naturmaterial i formav sten, grus och sand vid till exempel vägbyggen och deponitäckningar. Slagg har i försök även visat på en vattenrenande förmåga då föroreningar fastläggs på slaggen.Detta har lett till försök med att använda slagg som filtermaterial i reaktiva filter där sand traditionellt sett ofta används. Denna studie avsåg att undersöka om slagg från Avesta Jernverk fungerar att använda i reaktiva filter för att rena vatten som är förorenade med till exempel tungmetaller och fosfor. Detta gjordes genom att skaka tre olika slagger som produceras i Avesta med ett lakvatten från en kommunal deponi med behov att renas från bland annat fluor, fosfor, kadmium, klorider, nickel och zink. I försöken användes en EAF-slagg och två AOD-slagger. För att undersöka om upptaget av föroreningar påverkades av om slaggen hade nya ytor användes både nykrossad slagg och slagg som varit placerade utomhus under 71 dagar. Resultaten visade att slaggerna som bildas vid Avesta Jernverk har en vattenrenandeförmåga och att samtliga av de testade slaggerna sorberade aluminium, fosfor och zink. Utöver dessa ämnen sorberade flera av slaggerna även arsenik, fluor, koppar och magnesium. Resultatet visade också på ett tidsberoende hos sorptionen, då mer föroreningar togs upp om slagg och lakvatten skakades i fem dygn jämfört med om skaktiden var femton minuter eller fyra timmar. Det gick dock inte att avgöra om slagg med nygjorda ytor sorberade bättre än slaggen som stått utomhus. Beräkningar utfördes och visade att ett slaggfilter dimensionsmässigt skulle vara möjligt att bygga och att en kornstorlek som sand skulle behövas för att få rätt uppehållstid. / As a result of the harsh exploitation and development of our society, a large amount of natural resources are needed. While the society develops it becomes more and more important to economise natural resources. This is also stated as an environmental objective, called "A good built environment" by the Swedish government. According to this environmental objective, the use of both land and natural resources should be undertaken in the most sustainable way possible. At the same time the Swedish steel industry produces over one million tonnes of slag annually, which is mostly deposited. Slag is a byproduct from the steel manufacturing process. When disposal is costly, many attempts to find usage for slag are done instead. For instance, in some cases it has been as replacement for natural resources as stone, gravel and sand in road constructions and landfill covers. Slag has also been shown to have a water-purifying capacity since contamination can be sorbed by the slag. This has led to attempts to use slag as filter material in reactive filters where sand traditionally is widely used. This study aimed to investigate whether slag from Avesta Works could be used in reactivefilters to purify water that is contaminated with heavy metals and phosphorus. This was done by shaking a number of slags produced in Avesta with leachate water from amunicipal landfill, Karlslund. The leachate water needs to be purified from i.a. fluorine, phosphorus, cadmium, chloride, nickel and zinc. In the experiments an EAF slag and two AOD slags were used. To investigate if the sorption of contamination in the leachate water was affected by the age of the particle surfaces, both slags with freshly made and aged surfaces were tested. The aging of the slags was created by placing the slags outdoor for 71 days. The results showed that the slags formed at Avesta Works has a water-purifying ability and that all of the tested slags sorbed aluminum, phosphorus and zinc. Beside these substances, some of the slags also sorbed arsenic, fluorine, copper and magnesium. Theresults also showed a time-dependence of the sorption: More contaminations were sorbed after reacting slag and leachate water for five days compared with fifteen minutes or four hours. It was not possible to determine if the slags with fresh surfaces sorbed better than the slags with aged surfaces. Calculations showed that a filter containing slag should be possible to build dimensionally and that the grain size of sand would be needed to get the required retention time.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential nutrients for living organisms; however, excess P in aquatic systems often causes environmental and ecological problems including eutrophication. Removal of P from domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and agricultural organic-waste systems is required to minimize loading of P to receiving water bodies. A variety of sorbents or filter materials have previously been evaluated for P removal, including natural materials, industrial byproducts, and synthetic products. Among these materials industrial byproducts were reported as most effective. However, only a few of these studies were based on field experiments. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and acesulfame-K (an artificial sweetener) are emerging contaminants observed in wastewater. The removal of PhACs in conventional wastewater treatment systems has been studied; however, few studies on alternative treatment systems are available. Studies related to the removal of acesulfame-K are even more limited. This thesis was focused on evaluation of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), a byproduct from the steel manufacturing industry, as a potential reactive media for P removal from surface water and wastewater. The removal of PhACs and acesulfame-K in wastewater treatment systems containing BOFS as a treatment component was also evaluated. The effectiveness of BOFS for removing P from lake water was evaluated in a three year pilot-scale hypolimnetic withdrawal P treatment system at Lake Wilcox, Richmond Hill, Ontario. Phosphate concentrations of the hypolimnion water ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 mg L-1. About 83-100% P was removed during the experiment. The reactive mixtures were changed each year to improve the performance of the treatment system. Elevated pH (9-12) at the effluent of the treatment system was adjusted by sparging CO2(g) to near neutral pH. Elevated Al was removed through this pH adjustment. Elevated concentrations of V were removed in a column containing 5 wt% zero valent iron (ZVI) mixed with sand (0.5 m3) at the end of the BOFS based column. Removal of P in the BOFS based media is attributed to adsorption and co-precipitation at the outer layer of BOFS. Geochemical modeling results showed supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite, ß-tricalciumphosphate, aragonite, and calcite. Solid phase analyzes of the BOFS based reactive media collected after completion of the year 2 experiment (spent media) through combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) support the presence of calcium phosphate minerals on the outer layer of the spent media. A multistep wastewater treatment experiment was carried out in an indoor facility at the Center for Alternative Wastewater Treatment, Fleming College, Lindsay, Ontario, Canada. This experiment evaluated the removal of P, ammonia, cBOD5, COD, E. coli, total coliform, and trace metals in a series of treatment cells including a mixing cell, a vertical subsurface flow aerobic cell, a vertical subsurface flow P treatment cell containing BOFS, and a horizontal subsurface flow anaerobic cell. About 97-99% removal of P, NH3, cBOD5, E. coli, and total coliform; and ~72% removal of COD were achieved in the treatment system. The mixing cell and the aerated cell reduced the concentrations of P, ammonia, cBOD5, E. coli, and total coliform significantly and the P treatment cell provided additional treatment. However, the primary objective of the P treatment cell was to reduce P concentrations to the acceptable range according to the water quality guidelines. The P treatment cell had successfully fulfilled this objective. Elevated concentration of Al and V were also observed in the P treatment cell effluent. The concentration of Al decreased to below the guideline value of 0.075 mg L-1 after introducing a pH adjustment unit between the P treatment cell and the anaerobic cell. The concentration of V was decreased in the anaerobic cell effluent. However, the effluent concentration of V was much higher than the guideline value. Geochemical speciation modeling results showed supersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite, ß-tricalciumphosphate, aragonite and calcite along the flow path. Accumulation of P on the outer layer of the spent BOFS media was identified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Although X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide information to a depth of 5-7 nm from the outer layer of the spent media, both Ca and P were positively identified in some of the samples. Accumulation of P at the edge of the grains of the spent media was clearly identified on the element map of polished cross-sections and corresponding FTIR spectra. The phosphate and carbonate functional groups were identified by the distribution of different vibrational frequencies through FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of calcite and hydroxyapatite were inferred based on the wave numbers assigned for these minerals in the literature. Finally, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) on the outer layer samples from the spent BOFS media and corresponding linear combination fitting analysis indicated the presence of ß-tricalciumphosphate, hydroxyapatite, and calcium phosphate dibasic. Based on the observations from the indoor wastewater treatment experiment, a multistep demonstration-scale outdoor wastewater treatment experiment was conducted to investigate the applicability of the integration of the P treatment technology and engineered wetland technology at a relatively large scale prior to a full-scale field installation. The anaerobic treatment cell was not included in this outdoor system because this unit did not efficiently remove ammonia and metals (e.g. V) from the Cell 4 effluent in the indoor system. A 10 cm layer of zero valent iron was placed at the bottom part of the down flowing P treatment cell to address the elevated V in the P treatment cell effluent observed in the indoor system and also to treat PhACs in the effluent. More than 99% removal of P, E. coli, and total coliform; >82, >98, and >76% removal of ammonia, cBOD5, and COD were achieved in this treatment system. The effluent pH (10.88±1.47) was neutralized and the concentration of V remained < 0.006 mg L-1. The Al concentration was adjusted to <0.075 mg L-1 with the neutralization of pH. Geochemical speciation modeling results showed the supersaturation of hydroxyapatite, ß-tricalciumphosphate, octatricalciumphosphate, aragonite, and calcite. The FTIR and XANES spectra showed the presence of calcium phosphate minerals on the outer layer of the spent media. Removal of the PhACs, including caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, naproxen, and sulfamethoxazole, and acesulfame-K was monitored in the demonstration-scale outdoor wastewater treatment system, which consisted of five different treatment cells including a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, a vertical subsurface flow aerated cell, a vertical subsurface flow BOFS cell, and a pH neutralization unit. Significant removal of caffeine (>75%) and ibuprofen (50-75%), and moderate removal of sulfamethoxazole and naproxen (25-50%) were observed. The removal of carbamazepine was less effective with <25% removal observed. Acesulfame-K was also persistent along the flow path with <25% removal. This study demonstrated that removal of P from lake water and wastewater in excess of 95% could be achieved using BOFS as a reactive media. Integration of this media into an engineered wetland system enhances its performance in removing nutrients and other wastewater contaminants.

The slags from iron-steel and zinc industries are rich in metal oxide contents like FeO, MnO, CaO. However, these slags are not used extensively, except some usage in the cement industry. These slags can be used in removing H2S from waste gases from different industrial sources. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of initial concentration of H2S on the capacity and sorbent efficiency of waste materials from iron-steel and zinc industries. Experiments were conducted in a 25 mm-quartz reactor with simulated gases containing H2S as reactive gas. Breakthrough curves for sulfidation reactions were obtained for 3000 ppmv, 4000 ppmv and 5000 ppmv initial H2S concentrations at the reaction temperature range of 500&deg / C&ndash / 700&deg / C. According to the results obtained from the experiments, the H2S removal capacity of both slags increased with increasing reaction temperature, however, the H2S removal capacity of the slags decreases as the initial H2S concentration increases. Cyclic sulfidation and regeneration tests were applied to both steel and zinc slags in order to determine the regenerability of the slags. In cyclic tests, zinc slag gave better results than steel slag. A &ldquo / Deactivation Model&rdquo / was used in order to fit the breakthrough curves obtained experimentally to the breakthrough curves predicted from the deactivation model. A very good fit was obtained for both steel and zinc slags. Zinc slag was shown to be more suitable for gas cleanup than steel slag taking into account its high H2S removal efficiency, regenerability and low cost (almost free of charge).

Surface preparation is the key factor in determining the success of a protective coating system and its ultimate objective is to create proper adhesion of a coating over an underlying substrate. Abrasive blast cleaning involves mechanical cleaning by the continuous impact of abrasive particles at high velocities on to the substrate in a jet stream of compressed air. Industries that use abrasive blasting include the shipbuilding industry, automotive industry, and other industries that involve surface preparation and painting. Materials from different origins can be used as a blasting media including coal slag, smelter slag, mineral abrasives, metallic abrasives, and synthetic abrasives. Purpose of this thesis is to investigate the usability of industrial wastes (coal slag, smelter slags, etc.) of Turkey as abrasives in surface preparation technologies. Four different slag samples of three sources, namely coal furnace slag sample from &Ccedil / ayirhan thermal power plant, ferrochrome slag sample from Eti Krom A.S., granulated blast furnace and converter slag sample from Eregli Iron and Steel Works were studied within the scope of this thesis work. The samples were prepared by crushing and screening. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of the samples were determined. All the samples were tested in industrial scale. Test results showed that the converter slag meet all the specifications for abrasives and it can be used in blast cleaning operations. However, coal furnace slag, granulated blast furnace slag and ferrochrome slag are not suitable to be used as abrasive in surface preparation technologies.