Dans une automobile, les composants électriques sont alimentés par un type de générateur électrique particulier : l’Alternateur. Entraîné par le moteur du véhicule, il lui prélève donc de la puissance mécanique. Dans les périodes de chasse au gramme de CO2 que nous connaissons, la puissance prélevée au moteur doit être minimisée pour ne pas pénaliser sa consommation. Or les besoins électriques du réseau de bord et des systèmes (éclairage, ventilation, servitudes, contrôle moteur, etc.) sont imposés par l’équipement du véhicule. Il est apparu que dans les cas où l’alternateur est fortement sollicité, des pertes de performances peuvent être imputées au circuit d’excitation de la machine. Il comporte deux contacts électriques glissants balai-bague qui ont été incriminés. Du point de vue théorique aucun élément ne permettait d’expliquer les augmentations brutales de résistance de ces contacts, nous avons donc développé une méthode de mesure originale destinée à rechercher des paramètres influents sur leurs variations. Il nous a été impossible de faire une mesure de l’épaisseur film de transfert et d’identifier les quantités de graphite, nature et quantité des oxydes en présence dans le film. Cependant, nous avons estimé la pertinence de l’hypothèse du rôle de l’oxydation et avons surtout pu isoler le rôle du film de transfert dans l’expression des résistances de contact. Nous avons, de plus, mis en évidence la corrélation existant entre les résistances de contact et le coefficient de frottement pour les deux contacts. / The Alternator is an electrical generator especially designed to supply current to the vehicle electrical components. It is powered by the engine and takes off a part of its power. Currently, car makers are more than willing to minimize the power losses of this device in order to save fuel and reduce CO2 emissions, but the electrical need depend only on the vehicle equipment and use. Sometimes when the alternator runs at full load, the performance could be diminished by unpredictable resistance changes in the electrical sliding contacts of the excitation circuit. There was no theory capable of explaining these phenomena. The analysis limits were the impossibility to measure transfer film thickness and to determine the amount of graphite and the nature and volume of oxides into the film. We developed an experimental method adapted to contact resistance and friction measurements with the aim to find influencing parameters. A dedicated software has been created to extract data from these measurements. We appreciated the relevancy of oxidation hypothesis and we added a study on transfer film, gauging its contribution to contact resistance. Moreover we found a significant correlation between contact resistance and friction, meaning that there are some influent hidden parameters between brush and disc/ring.

Simultaneous measurement of electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (COF) at the sliding interface is essential to assess the performance of selected material contact pairs for the transfer of current from stationary member to moving member (or vice-versa). Low and stable values of ECR and COF are desirable during the intended operating life of the contact members. These parameters may change with respect to time as a consequence of change in the surface properties of contact members due to their relative movement. Hence experimental investigations have been conducted to study the variation of ECR and COF while different riders sliding on copper and brass flat samples in different environments. As a part of the experimental investigation, a reciprocating sliding setup is designed and developed to study the variation of ECR and COF in terms of normal force, sliding speed, current and environment. The details of the experimental setup are described along with its construction and operation. The sample preparation, instrumentation, data acquisition and presentation are explained in detail. The variations of ECR and COF at different normal forces, currents and sliding speeds by moving OFHC copper, brass, silver, Ag10Cu and Ag20Cu riders on OFHC copper and brass flat samples in vacuum, argon, nitrogen and air are studied in detail. Studies are also conducted to evaluate the performance of metallic contacts under lubricated condition using general purpose lubricating oils of different viscosity. Metallic contacts show a decrease in ECR with increase in normal force at all sliding speeds in all media. Sliding metallic contacts show a significant decrease in both ECR and COF during the initial sliding cycles at constant normal force in all media. Surface roughness of flat sample is found to have a significant effect on both ECR and COF in all media. Wear of rider is found to be significant as compared to wear of flat samples. Metallic contacts show an inverse relationship between ECR and COF in all media under mild wear regime (0.2< COF≤ 0.4). ECR and COF of sliding metallic contacts are independent of current (≤ 4A) in mild wear regime in all media. Reasonably low values of ECR and COF are observed for prolonged duration with lubricants having low viscosity. The presence of wear fragments at the sliding zone is found to have significant effect on both ECR and COF in all media. Low values of ECR are observed while copper rider sliding on brass sample as compared to silver rider under same operating conditions. Significant amount of metal transfer is observed with silver based riders sliding on copper and brass flat samples in different media. The present investigations are useful in understanding the contact behaviour of copper and brass flat samples for similar and dissimilar riders sliding on them in various environments.