Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 174-192. / xiii, 222 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 1994

Smoking patterns were described and compared retrospectively for 5395 participants in the Lung Health Study at 12 and 24 months. 3592 participants were assigned to a special intervention (SI) group that received a counseling assisted smoking cessation intervention that included nicotine gum and 1803 participants were assigned to a usual care (UC) group that received no assistance in quitting smoking. Participants were smokers diagnosed with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and averaged 31.4 cigarettes/day at entry. Significant differences were found regarding smoking outcomes and smoking patterns between groups as well as within each group. Counseling assisted participant's continuous abstinence rate at 24 months was 25.1% compared to 3.5% for unassisted smokers. Counseling assisted men were more successful at remaining abstinent at 24 months (27.1%) compared to (21.8%) for counseling assisted women. No gender differences were found for unassisted smokers. Abstinence rates were biochemically validated. Differences were also found in smoking patterns between groups for those unable to achieve continuous abstinence at 24 months. Counseling assisted participants smoked fewer cigarettes, made more quit attempts, smoked fewer months and stayed quit longer. Mixed results were found for baseline demographic and smoking history variables. Age started smoking, other smokers in the household, education and social support were not significant. Cigarettes smoked per day, previous quit attempts, longest period quit and alcoholic drinks per week were significant. / Graduation date: 1992

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

This study investigated the relationship between smoking cessation and cognitive factors of attributional style, self-efficacy and locus of control. The roles of examined as they contributed to the prediction of smoking status. Questionnaires designed to measure these cognitivevariables, were administered to participants of smoking cessation programs at two times during the study; immediately before participation in the smoking cessation program and immediately after completion of the program. Smoking status was assessed at these times, as well as via telephone twice after the program's completion. Subjects were obtained from 16 American Cancer Society smoking cessation clinics in the Southern California area. The results of stepwise discriminant analyses of variance successfully predicted smoking status at end-of-clinic and follow-up periods, using a combination of demographic, smoking behavior and cognitive predictors. Cross-validations of the predictive models also were able to predict smoking status at end-of-clinic and follow-up. Additional analyses included stepwise discriminant demographic and smoking behavior variables styles, as well as demographic and smoking behavior Cognitive Factors 5 analyses of participants who relapsed at follow-up, and a comparison of those who completed the program versus those who dropped out prematurely. Both analyses resulted in obtaining significant discriminant functions. A final analysis compared pre- and post-treatment responses on the cognitive measures via a 2 X 2 multiple analysis of variance (group X time). A significant interaction between group and time of assessment was obtained. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

No description available.

These results are interpreted as supporting an 'Arousal Modulation' model of cigarette smoking, i.e. smokers can use cigarette smoking as a device for controlling their level of arousal towards an 'optimum' by virtue of the biphasic stimulantdepressant dose response of nicotine and to some extent, by virtue of the effects of smoking behaviour in the absence of nicotine.

This investigation involved three procedural areas. The first was the development of a "Grief Work Treatment Program" designed for smokers who wanted to quit or reduce smoking. The second was the use of the program in experimental research in order to distinguish a relationship between structured grief work and cigarette-smoking reduction. The third area of investigation concerned evaluation of the program in terms of the subjects' goals for their smoking behavior. Results of the study indicated that the Grief Work Treatment Program was effective. A statistical comparison of treatment and control subjects using Analysis of Covariance, with number of cigarettes smoked daily at the beginning of the program as the covariate, produced a significant F at the 0.05 level on measures taken immediately after the treatment and four weeks later. Thus, in terms of the subjects’ respective goals, the grief work program was effective in assisting subjects to quit or reduce smoking. In addition, correlational tests concerning the treatment group indicated significant relationships existed between the variable, decrease in number of cigarettes smoked daily, and the variables: length of time a subject smoked prior to treatment; importance of cigarettes to the subject; and number of cigarettes smoked daily at the outset of the program. On comparisons of these variables, significant Spearman-Rank and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.85.

This study investigated the impact of counselor smoking behavior upon nonsmoking clients' perceptions of therapists both during and at the conclusion of treatment. Clients' impressions when counselor smoking behavior was consistent across sessions and when counselors smoked in only the first or only the second interview were examined. In addition, the effect of therapists' smoking behavior on the outcome of counseling was assessed in two ways: changes in clients' career decisiveness and counselors' ability to influence client behavior. Eighty-two female undergraduates met with a vocational counselor for two sessions during which the counselor either smoked or refrained from smoking. Prior to the first interview, subjects completed the Behavioral Indecision Scale. Subjects then met and discussed their vocational concerns with a counselor. Following the interview, subjects completed the Counselor Rating Form and the California Occupational Preference System. The latter instrument, an interest inventory, was interpreted by the counselor during the second interview. The Counselor Rating Form and the Behavioral Indecision Scale were again administered following the conclusion of treatment. Data were analyzed by 2 (counselors) X 2 (conditions) X 2 (interviews) multivariate analyses with repeated measures on the third factor. No significant differences emerged for clients' perceptions when the counselors' indulgence in or restraining from smoking was constant from the first to the second sessions. Similarly, clients' impressions did not differ in relation to the inconsistency of counselors' smoking behavior from the first to the second interviews. In addition, subjects' compliance to a counselor initiated behavioral task and reported certainty of career choice were not differentially affected by counselors' smoking behavior. In conclusion, this study suggests that it makes no difference in nonsmoking clients' impressions of therapists and in counseling outcome if the latter smoke during treatment. Suggested variables to further explore include the effects of counselors' smoking in brief and extended psychotherapy, the impact of therapists' smoking implements other than cigarettes, and smoking clients' perceptions of smoking therapists.

Thesis (PhD)- Stellenbosch University, 1987. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Groep ligte rokers en 'n groep strawwe rokers is met mekaar vergelyk ten opsigte van die effek van nikotien-inname op kortikale geaktieerdheid in 'n spanningsituasie en in 'n ontspanningsituasie, beide sander deprivasie van nikotien en nadat hulle daarvan gedepriveer is. Die groepe is ook met hulle onderskeie kontrolegroepe ( geen nikotien-inname tydens die eksperimentele sessie) ten opsigte van kortikale geaktiveerdheid vergelyk. Voorts is daar bepaal of daar 'n verband tussen ekstraversie, neurotisisme, kartikale geaktiveerdheid en getal sigarette gerook by die verskillende groepe rokers bestaan het. Resultate het daarop gedui dat ligte rokers deur 'n lae mate van kortikale geaktiveerdheid en strawwe rokers deur 'n hoe mate van kortikale geaktiveerdheid gekenmerk word en dat ligte rokers waarskynlik vir die stimulerende effek van nikotien rook. Geen beduidende stimulering was by die strawwe rokers te bespeur nie. Daar is 'n beduidende positiewe verband tussen getal sigarette per dag gerook en ekstraversie by die strawwe rokers wat minder as dertig sigarette per dag gerook het gevind.

This investigation seeks to determine whether certain personality traits of college students are related to their smoking habits. The purpose of the study is to determine whether significant personality differences exist among college students who can be classified as light smokers, heavy smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers and to determine the nature of the differences. The study involved four male experimental groups and four female experimental groups, assigned on the basis of sex and cigarette smoking habits as ascertained from a questionnaire. A total of 191 subjects from two junior colleges comprised the sample. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS), and a questionnaire to obtain information on each subject's smoking habits were administered to the subjects at one sitting. Comparisons of the group means of each of the four classifications of smokers and nonsmokers were accomplished by a one-way analysis-of-variance design.