緊張、煩囂的城市生活加上擁擠的環境使都市居民承不同受環境問題的威脅，罹患疾病的風險亦隨之增加，不禁令人懷疑都市是否理想的居住地點，亦令其可持續發展潛力受質疑。不論國界，噪聲污染、壓力大以及認知超負荷 (cognition overload) 等都是都市居民所面對的問題，但要解決問題談何容易，尤其是這些問題都受都市密集的設計而變得更複雜，因此一個可以讓人逃避噪音和放鬆心情的地方就更顯重要。不同的研究都指出靜謐的環境，無論是在鄉郊或是都市，都可以提供以上的功能以及其他的好處 (Mayor of London, 2004; Pheasant et al., 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010; Environmental Protection UK, 2009)。雖然不少學者都認為靜謐環境十分重要，但就香港本地居民如何理解和看待「靜謐」這個概念和「靜謐環境」 (tranquil environments) 卻沒有有系統的研究，因此這項研究可以視為本地靜謐研究 (tranquility research) 的先驅。本研究在 2011 年 12 月至 2012 年 4 月在兩個市區公園進行問卷調查以了解本地居民的認知，研究結果顯示不同地域的人對「靜謐」這個概念有相同和不同的理解和領會，本土的文化會影響靜謐環境的建構。其他重要的研究結果包括：受訪者認為靜謐環境的主要功能讓人放鬆和減輕壓力，其次是逃避噪音污染和精神或心靈需要；九成的受訪者認同靜謐環境乃重要的資產應該得到關注和保護。除此之外，一個安靜的環境並不等同於靜謐的環境，一些有利的因素(例如：聲音、景色、設計或設施)也會令人感覺靜謐，所以靜謐環境並不只在郊外才可以找得到，只要配以適當的設計，都市都可以擁有靜謐空間。這個研究提供了的結果讓人了解靜謐環境的特點、功能和建構，有助保護靜謐空間和為都市設計提供建議。 / Urban livability and sustainability has been questioned as urban dwellers often suffer from various environmental and health problems. Noise pollution, high stress level and cognition overload are universal phenomena and environments allowing people to respite from noise and relax are therefore indispensable. Although various studies ascertained that tranquil spaces, no matter in rural or urban context, are able to serve the abovementioned functions and provide other benefits (Mayor of London, 2004; Pheasant et al., 2008; Watt et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2010; Environmental Protection UK, 2009), how local people of Hong Kong perceive tranquility is not fully understood. This research therefore is a pioneer study to investigate people’s perception on tranquility. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in two urban parks of Hong Kong during December 2010 to April 2011. Some main findings are that concept of tranquility does exist in the local culture and local culture influences its construct; relaxation and reduction of stress is the most important functions of tranquil areas, followed by respite from noise pollution and spiritual function; majority (90%) of the respondents agreed that tranquil areas are important assets that deserve attention and preservation. In addition, tranquil areas are not merely quiet environments but rather areas with presence of favourable sounds, features or facilities and they are not confined to countryside or rural areas neither. With suitable design, tranquil environments can be fabricated in urban context. These provide in-depth understanding of the notion of tranquility in the local context and offer guidelines for the enhancement and design of tranquil spaces and future planning. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Sze Wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-110). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / CHAPTER ONE / INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis outline --- p.6 / CHAPTER TWO / LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Noise problems in urban living space --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sound and noise --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Causes of noise pollution and difficulties in elimination in urban living space --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Health problems posed by noise pollution in urban living environment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Tranquility and tranquil environments --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Relationship between tranquility, preference and danger --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mapping of tranquility --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Tranquility rating tool --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Benefits of tranquility in urban living space --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.28 / CHAPTER THREE / METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research framework --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research design --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Research methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Pilot study --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Pilot study questionnaire design --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Social survey --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Site selection --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Social survey questionnaire design --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Data analysis --- p.42 / CHAPTER FOUR / RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Pilot study results --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Social survey results --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Characterization of tranquil environments --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Characterization of non-tranquil environments --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Descriptors of tranquil environments --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Importance of tranquil environments --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Functions of tranquility --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Factors promoting or detracting from tranquility --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Location of tranquil and non-tranquil environments --- p.79 / CHAPTER FIVE / IMPLICATIONS OF TRANQUIL ENVIRONMENTS / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implications of tranquil environments --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Measures to manage and protect tranquil areas --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Instruments monitoring tranquil environments --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Environmental objectives addressing tranquil environments --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Researching and networking --- p.90 / CHAPTER SIX / CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 6.2 --- Summary of findings --- p.91 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of the research --- p.95 / Chapter 6.4 --- Recommendations for further research --- p.96 / REFERENCES --- p.98 / Appendices --- p.112

published_or_final_version / abstract / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Comparative Literature / Master / Master of Philosophy

Tony Man Yiu Chiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-227). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables and Figures --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Topic --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Data and Methodology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Plan of the Thesis --- p.9 / Chapter Part I --- Theoretical and Empirical Background / Chapter Chapter 2. --- URBAN STRUCTURE IN A GLOBAL CITY: TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS --- p.10-43 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Global City Thesis --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Global City and Urban Industrial Structure / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Global-City Theories of Industrial Change --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Industrial Location Approach --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- A Recapitulation --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Global City and Urban Business Structure / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Global-City Theories of Office Location --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- A Recapitulation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Global City and Urban Social Structure / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Global-City Theories of Urban Social Structure --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Problems Reinstated --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Mapping of Urban Structure in a Global City: A Reappraisal of Urban Ecology --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- HONG KONG: FROM AN INDUSTRIAL CITY TO GLOBAL CITY --- p.44-69 / Chapter 3.1 --- Post-war Industrial Development (1950-1975) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Industrial Restructuring (1975-91) --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Is Hong Kong a Global City? --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.66 / Chapter Part II --- The Geography of Growth and Decline / Chapter Chapter 4 --- URBAN INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE: LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES1971-1989 --- p.70-118 / Chapter 4.1 --- Spatial Pattern of Manufacturing Industries --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2 --- Decentralization of Manufacturing Industries / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Decentralization in the Seventies --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- New Town Development and Industrial Decentralization --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Decentralization in the Eighties --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Spatial Difference of Production Scales --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- Locational Dynamics of Manufacturing Industries --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- A Recapitulation --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- URBAN BUSINESS STRUCTURE: LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF PRODUCER SERVICE ACTIVITIES --- p.119-169 / Chapter 5.1 --- Spatial Development of Office Centres in Hong Kong / Chapter 5.1.1 --- General Distribution of Office Centre in Hong Kong --- p.122 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Overall Distribution --- p.123 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- A Decentralized CBD? --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2 --- Locational Dynamics of Producer Service Activities --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Banking Sector --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Other Financial Institutions --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Insurance --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Real Estate and Business Service --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Import and Export Trading --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3 --- A Brief Note on the Factors of Decentralization --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- URBAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE: RESIDENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN A GLOBAL CITY --- p.168-210 / Chapter 6.1 --- Methodological Issues in Factorial Ecology / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Factorial Ecology --- p.170 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Some Unresolved Methodological Problems --- p.172 / Chapter 6.2 --- A Factor Analysis of the 1996 By-Census Data / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Method of Analysis --- p.174 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- An Analysis of Urban Structure in the whole Territories of Hong Kong --- p.175 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- An Analysis of Urban Structure of Hong Kong and Kowloon --- p.177 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- A Comparison of Urban Structure from 1981 to1996 --- p.181 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Mapping of Urban Structure in Hong Kong and Kowloon," --- p.183 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- An Overview of the Post-War Urban Structure 1950-1980 --- p.184 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- "Mapping of Spatial Structure of Hong Kong,1996" --- p.188 / Chapter 6.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.196 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Spatial Dynamics in a Global City: A Summary View --- p.211 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitation of this Thesis and Future Research Direction --- p.213 / REFERENCE --- p.217 / Appendix 1 Classification of TPUs into District/Areas for Chapter 4-5 --- p.228