Laundering is a general term that comprises all the acts aiming at bringing back into circulation criminal funds, and especially drug trade benefits. / So it became urgent to mobilize the financial and banking institutions into joining the repressive authorities' action. Thus the different states involved examined how the proceeds of crimes and offences linked to the sale of narcotics could be detected and identified. / However the variations between all the national laws were likely to damage the fight that was getting itself better organized and internationalized. / A true international crusade took place. Finally all the European and international authorities recommended that the member states should have their laws drawn closer to one another and have effective measures adopted.

<p> To address the primary problem of racial profiling by police, many states have passed legislation that require police departments to collect demographic data on those with whom the officer comes into contact; these data are later evaluated by supervisors. The problem lies in the possibility for police officers to disengage, or <i>depolice,</i> when faced with data collection policies that may be viewed as lessening the officer's discretion. It was this potential to depolice as related to policy interpretation that formed the conceptual framework for this study. As a result, implementation of racial profiling policies may negatively impact the very minorities they are designed to protect. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify and analyze the possible correlationship between statutory racial data tracking, the frequency of racial profiling discussion, the officer's time in policing, and history of disciplinary procedures for violating profiling policy in the decision to either stop or not stop a motorist when the race of that motorist is observed to be that of a racial and ethnic minority. A forward stepwise logistic regression was utilized to analyze data collected from a sample of 176 police officers in the Midwest recruited through police organizational contacts. The results showed the only significant predictor in a police officer's decision to stop or not stop a minority motorist was the presence of a state statute requiring the collection of racial profiling data. This information can be useful to administrators and policy makers in addressing allegations of racial profiling. Understanding the influence of mandated racial profiling data collection policies on police officer behavior offers potential explanation when analyzing individual officer minority contact ratios, and may prompt policy revision to effect equal treatment of all citizens regardless of race or ethnicity.</p>

In order to help the fight against organised crime, particularly drug dealing, the problem of money laundering has become more significant. / The various techniques used by money launderers are also subject of this thesis. Through the many ways utilised to launder money, it shows how difficult it is to pinpoint what action is on the border of legality and what is not. / These difficulties become more apparent when precise analysis is made of the law as applied in both Switzerland and the U.S.A. / Neither approach has proven successful. On the contrary, the question of constitutionality of many rules becomes relevant. Many authors do not find the application of the laws easy from the point of view of constitutional law. / The present thesis suggests to review the present laws and redefine them in a simpler manner which makes them acceptable internationally.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Criminal Justice, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 7, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: A, page: 4344. Advisers: S. Chernale; G. R. Aarjoura. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Criminal Justice, 2006.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University OF MICHIGAN.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University OF MICHIGAN.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1975. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 36-06, Section: A, page: 4057.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1977. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 38-02, Section: A, page: 1043.

Thesis (Educat.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1981. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 41-12, Section: A, page: 5250.