Exploration and extraction activities in the Alberta Oil Sands region have degraded thousands of hectares of land, about 40 % of which were once covered by peatlands. To date, there is very little information regarding the reclamation of peatlands, and even less related to their reclamation after oil sands disturbances. The results of this study will be used to develop protocols for the reclamation of peatlands after disturbance due to oil sands exploration and extraction operations in the Alberta Oil Sands region. Carex aquatilis is considered to be an ideal candidate species for initiating reclamation because it is a common pioneer species of disturbed landscapes, and has been shown to have a wide range of tolerances for several environmental factors in other areas of its overall distribution. The results of this study showed even wider ranges of tolerance than previous studies have reported, and did so using an ecological field study, a greenhouse propagation study, and a greenhouse Na+ tolerance study. A field study used vegetation surveys and environmental data to determine that Carex aquatilis is abundant in several wetland types and is not strongly associated with any of the species with which it was commonly found. In addition, C. aquatilis also was present across wide ranges of environmental variables including pH, conductivity, shade, water depth, Na+ concentration of surface water and percent organic carbon content of the substrate. These wide ranges of tolerance should allow C. aquatilis to establish after many types of disturbance. A greenhouse propagation study tested for population differences in percent germination after four stratification treatments, three stratification durations and four germination treatments. The overall best stratification treatment was to store seeds moist at 4°C for 30 days. The most effective germination treatment across all treatments was to plant seeds just below the surface of the substrate with the water level maintained at 1cm below the substrate surface. Only 9% of all sown seeds germinated. There were differences in germination rates between populations, although it is unknown whether these differences were due to differences in viability, timing of seed maturation, stratification requirements or germination requirements. A greenhouse Na+ tolerance experiment tested for differences in Na+ tolerance between four populations and two age classes to assess the efficacy of C. aquatilis as a pioneer species after oil sands surface mining disturbance. Five Na+ concentrations ranging from 5 to 2000 mg L-1 were tested. Plants showed no differences in Na+ tolerance between populations, but younger plants were more susceptible to damage from Na+ stress than older plants so it is recommended that older plants are used to initiate reclamation. It is also recommended that Na+ be managed on surface mine reclamations so that it is below 500 mg L-1.

Several tens of Candida species belong to the opportunistic human pathogens capable of inducing life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Virulence of single Candida species depends among others on their resistance to the variable external conditions. The maintenance of alkali-metal-cation homeostasis, which means the ability to accumulate sufficient amount of potassium cations and on the other hand to survive under high extracellular concentrations of alkali-metal cations, is essential for growth and virulence of Candida cells. We observed the negative effect of fluconazole (FLC) on salt-tolerance of six Candida species and found that it is independent of the species level of FLC- resistance. FLC hyperpolarizes plasma membrane of Candida cells and therefore increases non-specific uptake of alkali-metal cations which results in strongly increased salt-sensitivity of Candida cells. The FLC-induced hyperpolarization also results in an increased sensitivity of Candida cells to the antifungals which are positively charged and are driven into the cells by the membrane potential. The effect of fluconazole on membrane potential and thus on the uptake of alkali- metal cations into the cell turned our attention to the homeostasis of potassium cations whose high intracellular concentration is...