Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_jf_me_jabo.pdf: 787738 bytes, checksum: 7b3e41cb53972e8468ad03ecb64cfbe1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os óxidos de ferro são importantes indicadores ambientais e possuem grande influência nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Entretanto, para o melhor entendimento de sua formação e ocorrência são necessários estudos de variabilidade espacial. A geoestatística é a melhor ferramenta para este estudo, sendo que a Krigagem ordinária (KO) é um interpolador de mínimos quadrados, mais utilizado em ciência do solo. Porém, ela suaviza os detalhes locais da variação espacial, superestimando pequenos valores e subestimando altos valores. Por isso, ela revela-se inadequada na avaliação da verdadeira variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Embora a krigagem mostre a melhor estimativa de um atributo Z, ele não representa bem a variação. Deste modo, a alternativa é simulação geoestatística que avalia e quantifica a incerteza de um atributo, de maneira mais realista. A técnica de simulação estocástica mais utilizada é a simulação sequencial gaussiana (SSG), por ser, rápida e direta na construção da função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional (f.d.p.a.c), sendo, portanto preferível à estimação pela KO. Desta forma, é importante testar outros métodos para caracterizar espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Objetivando avaliar o desempenho da (KO), krigagem ordinária dos dados padronizados (KOP) e da simulação seqüencial gaussiana (SSG) da variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro em uma área com pedoformas: côncava e convexa foram coletados 121 amostras de duas malhas nos dois relevos classificados como: côncavo e convexo com espaçamento de 10 metros. O erro médio, o erro quadrático médio e o erro quadrático médio padronizado foram os critérios de avaliação da acurácia da predição. Os valores altos dos coeficientes de variação dos óxidos de ferro afetaram o desempenho dos métodos... / Iron oxides are important environmental indicators and have great influence on the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, for a better understanding of their formation and occurrence studies are necessary spatial variability. Geostatistics is a tool for this study, ordinary kriging (OK) is a least squares interpolator, is the most widely used in soil science. However smooths out local details of spatial, small values overestimating and underestimating high values. Therefore, is inadequate in the evaluation of iron oxides. Although the kriging show the best estimate of an attribute Z, it does not represent well the variation. Thus, the alternative is geroestatisctical simulation that evaluates and quantify the uncertainty of an attribute, more realistically. Since the most widely used is the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), to be quickly and directly in the construction of the density function of cumulative probability (fdpac), and are preferred to the estimation. Thus, is important to test other methods to characterize spatially of iron oxides. In order to evaluate the performance of (OK), ordinary kriging of standardized data (OKS) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) of the spatial variability of iron oxides in an area with landform: concave and convex 121 samples were collected data in two loops with two reliefs classified as concave and convex with spacing of 10 meters. The average error, the mean square error and root mean square error were standardized criteria for evaluating the accuracy of prediction. High values of coefficient of variation of iron oxides harmed the performance of the methods. The landforms showed variable differentiated by SGS. The maps of OKS and E-type had higher accuracy and greater detail in relation to landforms in the OK. It is recommended that E-type maps instead of maps OK... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Coorientador: José Marques Júnior / Banca: Ednaldo Carvalho Guimarães / Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Resumo: Os óxidos de ferro são importantes indicadores ambientais e possuem grande influência nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Entretanto, para o melhor entendimento de sua formação e ocorrência são necessários estudos de variabilidade espacial. A geoestatística é a melhor ferramenta para este estudo, sendo que a Krigagem ordinária (KO) é um interpolador de mínimos quadrados, mais utilizado em ciência do solo. Porém, ela suaviza os detalhes locais da variação espacial, superestimando pequenos valores e subestimando altos valores. Por isso, ela revela-se inadequada na avaliação da verdadeira variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Embora a krigagem mostre a melhor estimativa de um atributo Z, ele não representa bem a variação. Deste modo, a alternativa é simulação geoestatística que avalia e quantifica a incerteza de um atributo, de maneira mais realista. A técnica de simulação estocástica mais utilizada é a simulação sequencial gaussiana (SSG), por ser, rápida e direta na construção da função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional (f.d.p.a.c), sendo, portanto preferível à estimação pela KO. Desta forma, é importante testar outros métodos para caracterizar espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Objetivando avaliar o desempenho da (KO), krigagem ordinária dos dados padronizados (KOP) e da simulação seqüencial gaussiana (SSG) da variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro em uma área com pedoformas: côncava e convexa foram coletados 121 amostras de duas malhas nos dois relevos classificados como: côncavo e convexo com espaçamento de 10 metros. O erro médio, o erro quadrático médio e o erro quadrático médio padronizado foram os critérios de avaliação da acurácia da predição. Os valores altos dos coeficientes de variação dos óxidos de ferro afetaram o desempenho dos métodos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Iron oxides are important environmental indicators and have great influence on the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, for a better understanding of their formation and occurrence studies are necessary spatial variability. Geostatistics is a tool for this study, ordinary kriging (OK) is a least squares interpolator, is the most widely used in soil science. However smooths out local details of spatial, small values overestimating and underestimating high values. Therefore, is inadequate in the evaluation of iron oxides. Although the kriging show the best estimate of an attribute Z, it does not represent well the variation. Thus, the alternative is geroestatisctical simulation that evaluates and quantify the uncertainty of an attribute, more realistically. Since the most widely used is the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), to be quickly and directly in the construction of the density function of cumulative probability (fdpac), and are preferred to the estimation. Thus, is important to test other methods to characterize spatially of iron oxides. In order to evaluate the performance of (OK), ordinary kriging of standardized data (OKS) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) of the spatial variability of iron oxides in an area with landform: concave and convex 121 samples were collected data in two loops with two reliefs classified as concave and convex with spacing of 10 meters. The average error, the mean square error and root mean square error were standardized criteria for evaluating the accuracy of prediction. High values of coefficient of variation of iron oxides harmed the performance of the methods. The landforms showed variable differentiated by SGS. The maps of OKS and E-type had higher accuracy and greater detail in relation to landforms in the OK. It is recommended that E-type maps instead of maps OK... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Forest areas are particularly susceptible to fires, which are often manmade. Too-frequent fires are likely to adversely affect the soil properties as well as vegetation composition, and possibly lead to soil erosion and desertification. One of the most fire affected forest regions in the world is the Mediterranean. Libya, in the Mediterranean region, has soils that are considered to be arid except in a small area called Aljabal Alakhdar (Green mountain), which is the geographic area covered by this study. It is the wettest part of Libya, and has an extensive forest and many agricultural crops. Like other forests in the Mediterranean it has suffered extreme degradation. This is mainly due to people removing fire wood, or sometimes converting forested areas to agricultural use, as well as fires which may alter several soil chemical and physical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of fires on the physical and chemical properties of soil of Aljabal Alakhdar forest in the north-east of Libya. The physical and chemical properties of soil following fire in two geographic areas have been determined, with those subjected to the fire compared to those in adjacent unburned areas in one coastal and one mountain site. Physical properties studied were: soil particle size, soil water content, soil porosity and soil particle density; and chemical properties studied were: soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH, soluble and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble Cl, CO3 and HCO3, SO4, organic matter, total N and total P. For the first time in Libyan soils, the effect of burning on the magnetic susceptibility properties of soils was also tested. The results showed that except for the soil water content and magnetic susceptibility, fire has not had a clear effect on the soils' physical properties, while there has been a strong impact of fire on most of the studied chemical properties. These results have been used to create an index of burning for such soils in each of the geographic areas, as a step towards creating a model which will enable a subset of soil parameters to be used to estimate how recently a site was burned, as well as defining fire severity at a site.

No description available.

Forest areas are particularly susceptible to fires, which are often manmade. Too-frequent fires are likely to adversely affect the soil properties as well as vegetation composition, and possibly lead to soil erosion and desertification. One of the most fire affected forest regions in the world is the Mediterranean. Libya, in the Mediterranean region, has soils that are considered to be arid except in a small area called Aljabal Alakhdar (Green mountain), which is the geographic area covered by this study. It is the wettest part of Libya, and has an extensive forest and many agricultural crops. Like other forests in the Mediterranean it has suffered extreme degradation. This is mainly due to people removing fire wood, or sometimes converting forested areas to agricultural use, as well as fires which may alter several soil chemical and physical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of fires on the physical and chemical properties of soil of Aljabal Alakhdar forest in the north-east of Libya. The physical and chemical properties of soil following fire in two geographic areas have been determined, with those subjected to the fire compared to those in adjacent unburned areas in one coastal and one mountain site. Physical properties studied were: soil particle size, soil water content, soil porosity and soil particle density; and chemical properties studied were: soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH, soluble and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble Cl, CO3 and HCO3, SO4, organic matter, total N and total P. For the first time in Libyan soils, the effect of burning on the magnetic susceptibility properties of soils was also tested. The results showed that except for the soil water content and magnetic susceptibility, fire has not had a clear effect on the soils¿ physical properties, while there has been a strong impact of fire on most of the studied chemical properties. These results have been used to create an index of burning for such soils in each of the geographic areas, as a step towards creating a model which will enable a subset of soil parameters to be used to estimate how recently a site was burned, as well as defining fire severity at a site. / Libyan Government

Soil fertility is an important component of forest ecosystem, yet evaluating soil fertility remains one of the least understood aspects of forest science. Phytocentric and geocenctric approaches were used to assess soil fertility in loblolly pine plantations throughout their geographic range in the United States. The model to assess soil fertility using a phytocentric approach was constructed using the relationship between site index and aboveground productivity. Geocentric models used physical and chemical properties of the A-horizon. Soil geocentric models were constructed using two modeling approaches. In the first approach, ordinary least squares methods of multiple regression were used to derive soil fertility estimated from site index using soil physical and chemical properties from the A-horizon. Ordinary least squares methods were found unsuitable due to multicollinearity among the soil variables. In the second approach, a multivariate modeling approach, partial least squares regression, was used to mitigate multicollinearity effects. The best model to quantify soil fertility using soil physical and chemical properties included N, Ca, Mg, C, and sand percentage as the significant predictors. The 3-PG process-based model was evaluated for simulating the response of loblolly pine to changes in soil fertility. Fertility rating (FR) is a parameter in 3-PG that scales soil fertility in the range of 0 to 1. FR values estimated from phytocentric and geocentric approaches were tested against observed production. The 3-PG model prediction of aboveground productivity described 89% percent of the variation in observed aboveground productivity using FR derived from site index and 84% percent of the vari- ation in observed aboveground productivity using FR derived from physical and chemical properties of the A-horizon. A response function to model dynamics of FR (∆FR) due to one time midrotatoin fertilization of N and P was developed using the Weibull function. The magnitude of ∆FR varied with intensity of N and time since application of fertilizer. The hypothesis that repeated fertilization with N and P eliminate major nutrient deficiency in the southeastern US was tested and a relationship between baseline fertility rating and fertilizer response was developed. An inverse relationship was observed between fertilizer response and baseline FR. / Ph. D.

Dviejų veiksnių mulčiavimo tyrimai buvo vykdyti 2004 – 2009 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Pomologiniame sode. 2010 m. tirtas organinių mulčių liekamasis poveikis. Visuose laukeliuose eilutėmis augintas valgomojo svogūno (Allium cepa) pasėlis. Atstumas tarp eilučių - 0,5 m. Nevartotos trąšos ir cheminės augalų apsaugos priemonės. Norint išsiaiškinti greitesnį organinių mulčių poveikį dirvožemio savybėms ir augančių augalų pasėliams, nuo 2004 m. nevartotos trąšos ir cheminės augalų apsaugos priemonės. Tyrimų variantai – veiksnys A - skirtingi organiniai mulčiai: Al - nemulčiuota (NE), A2 - šiaudai (ŠD), A3 - durpės (DU), A4 - pjuvenos (PJ), A5 - smulkinta žolė (ŽO), veiksnys B - mulčio sluoksnio storis: Bl - 5 cm, B2 - 10 cm. Pradinis bandymo laukelio ilgis 6 m., plotis 2 m., plotas 12 m2. Apskaitinio laukelio ilgis 5 m., plotis 1 m., plotas 5 m2. Variantai pakartojimuose išdėstyti rendomizuotai. Pakartojimai išdėstyti dviem eilėmis. Bandymas vykdytas 4 pakartojimais. Nustatyta, kad anksčiau įterpti organiniai mulčiai esmingai nepakeitė dirvožemio temperatūros, tačiau esmingai didino dirvožemio drėgnumą. Storesnis mulčio sluoksnis turėjo tendenciją didinti dirvožemio temperatūrą ir dirvožemio drėgnumą. Ilgametis organinių mulčių įterpimas esmingai nepakeitė dirvožemio pH, tačiau dirvožemio azotingumą esmingai didino šiaudų mulčias, o fosforingumą ir kalingumą esmingai didino šiaudų ir žolės mulčiai. Vegetacijos periodo metu piktžolių dygimas kito nevienodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Two factors mulching studies were carried out 2004 - 2009 in Lithuanian University of Agriculture Pomology garden. 2010 studied the residual effect of organic mulch. All lines grown in the fields of edible onion (Allium cepa) crops. The distance between the lines – 0,5 in Unused fertilizer and chemical plant protection measures. To find out more rapid organic mulches on soil properties and crop-growing plants since 2004 unused fertilizer and chemical plant protection measures. Study options - a factor - the different mulches in Al – no mulching (N) A2 - straw (ND), A3 - peat (DU), A4 - sawdust (PJ), A5 - minced herb (ZO), factor B - mulch thickness: BL - 5 cm, B2 - 10 cm. Initial field testing of length 6, width of 2, an area of 12 m2. Accounting field, length 5 m, width 1, the area 5 m-2. Variants rendomizuotai reps out. Reps set in two rows. The test is carried out by four repetitions. It was found that mulches before insert substantially changed the soil temperature, but substantially increased soil moisture. A thicker layer of mulch tended to increase soil temperature and soil moisture. Insert a long-time organic mulch on soil pH did not change substantially, however, substantially increased the soil nitrogen content of straw mulch, phosphorus and potassium and substantially increased the straw and grass mulches. During the growing season germination of weeds did not move. Short-emergence weed mulches had previously used sedative. Promoted the regeneration of perennial... [to full text]