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Response of barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) and wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) to root-applied chlorsulfuron (2-chloro N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide), a herbicide for use in small grains, was investigated. The results showed that, although wheat roots take up more chlorsulfuron than barley roots, barley was less tolerant to chlorsulfuron and chlorsulfuron was more mobile in barley. This study indicated that difference in uptake or translocation cannot explain the differential response of the two species to root-applied chlorsulfuron. In an interaction study, significant chlorsulfuron antagonism on ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam.) control by diclofop {(±)[-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy) propanoic acid} was observed. Greenhouse experiments showed that the tolerance of corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron (2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin- -2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid) was greatly increased by seed dressing with the herbicide safener NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride). The soil behavior of chlorsulfuron was studied in the field, greenhouse and laboratory. In the field, corn adequately tolerated soil residues present 10 months following postemergence application of chlorsulfuron at 10 to 120 g/ha. However, at the same site and rates, residues from chlorsulfuron injured corn when sampled 2 months after application. In laboratory studies chlorsulfuron was moderately adsorbed by organic matter but showed low affinity to clay. R_f values calculated from soil thin-layer chromatography closely correlated with the mobility of chlorsulfuron leached with 16.8 cm of water over a 14-day period in hand-packed soil columns. In the soil thin-layer chromatography, chlorsulfuron mobility was positively and negatively correlated with pH and organic matter, respectively. The results indicated that chlorsulfuron could be mobile in low organic matter and non-acidic soils. The relationship of chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity to soil physical and chemical properties was also evaluated. Organic matter was inversely related to chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity while no such relationship to clay content was observed. The adsorption of chlorsulfuron decreased with increasing soil pH whereas desorption was greater at alkaline pH. / Ph. D.

Soil column studies were performed on a chromium contaminated soil from the United Chrome Products Superfund Site currently undergoing a pump-and-treat cleanup process. The goal of the research was to provide insight into the feasibility of chemically changing the injection fluid of the pump-and-treat system to enhance hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) mobility. The parameters tested were pH, ionic strength, and competitive anion type and concentration. Ionic strength effects were investigated by adjusting the NaCl concentration of the extracting solution and by observing the influence of varying anion concentrations on desorption (bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate). The results indicated that high ionic strength solutions slow the rate of Cr(VI) desorption. This possibly indicates most of the Cr(VI) was in pore water solution and was adsorbing, slowing the removal process. Cr(VI) desorption was fastest for distilled water solution followed by competitive anion/distilled water solutions. The high ionic strength extracting solutions, 0.05 M and 0.10 M NaCl, had the slowest Cr(VI) desorption rates. Effluent pHs dropped as the ionic strength was increased (increasing NaCl concentrations) which was attributed to a Na-H exchange. Increased concentrations of bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate resulted in only small pH differences in the effluent of less than 0.5 pH units. The effect of pH was investigated by varying the pH of the 0.01 M NaCl solution with strong acid and base and by varying the pH of phosphate competitive anion solutions. The effects of changing 0.01 M NaCl solution pH were inconclusive. Differences between Cr(VI) desorption rates for the soil columns with adjusted influent pHs were small. Cr(VI) desorption curves and column effluent pH values for phosphate solutions of varying influent pH values were nearly identical, indicating that soil buffering and effluent pH are more important factors than influent pH in achieving Cr(VI) desorption. Nitrate, bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate were investigated to determine the effect of various competitive anions on Cr(VI) desorption. The effectiveness of each anion at extracting Cr(VI) from soil appeared to follow the order of adsorption affinity to the soil. / Graduation date: 1992

Graduation date: 1993

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leles_ep_dr_botfca.pdf: 1605420 bytes, checksum: fd161316ca168c50775ac745c3ae8681 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A reduzida eficiência de aproveitamento dos fertilizantes fosfatados é influenciada pela solubilidade de suas fontes. Uma das alternativas para melhorar a disponibilidade de P nos solos e aumentar o aproveitamento dos fertilizantes é a aplicação de silicatos. Para verificar a influência dos corretivos de acidez e das fontes de fósforo nos atributos químicos do solo ao longo do tempo foi realizado o Experimento 1, utilizando um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com dois corretivos de acidez (calcário dolomítico e escória de aciaria) e cinco tratamentos, sendo uma testemunha (sem NPK), uma testemunha relativa (sem fósforo) e os demais tratamentos constituídos de diferentes fontes de fósforo (superfosfato triplo – ST; termofosfato – TM; fosfato natural reativo – FNR). Os corretivos de acidez tiveram mesmo efeito na elevação de pH do solo. A escória de aciaria resultou em maior teor de P apenas 30 dias após incubação. Independente do corretivo, 150 dias após a incubação, o teor de P no solo seguiu a ordem ST > TM = FNR > sem NPK = sem P. Para verificar os atributos químicos do solo, a nutrição e a produção de amendoim e do capim marandu em solos sob a influência dos corretivos de acidez e das fontes de fósforo, foram... / The low efficiency of utilization of phosphates fertilizers is influenced by the solubility of its sources. An alternative to improve the availability of P in soils and increase the use of fertilizers is the use of silicates. To evaluate the influence of the acidity correctives and sources of phosphorus in soil chemical properties over time, the Experiment 1 was performed using a Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications in a factorial scheme 2x5, with two acidity correctives (dolomitic limestone and steel slag) and five treatments, as a control (without NPK), a relative control (without phosphorus) and the other treatments consisting of different phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate - TS, thermo phosphate - TM and reactive natural phosphate - FNR). The acidity correctives had the same effect in the rise of soil pH, and the steel slag resulted in higher value than limestone in P resin in soil only 30 days after incubation. Independent of the acidity correctives, 150 days after incubation, the value of soil P followed the order ST > TM = FNR > sem NPK = sem P. To evaluate the chemical soil properties, nutrition and production of peanuts and grass in soils under the influence of the acidity correctives and phosphorus sources, were conducted the Experiments 2 and 3 in FCA – UNESP, Botucatu campus. In peanuts, the application of steel slag resulted in highest plants with biggest leaves+stalk dry matter production than limestone, however the grain dry matter per vase was biggest when the limestone was applied, following the order TM = FNR > ST > sem P in this corrective. In marandu grass, comparing the correctives, with steel slag the total production of dry matter was upper in the soil control and the limestone in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The objectives of the study were to investigate the sorption and degradation of a glucuronide conjugated natural hormone, 17β-estradio1-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and its estrogenic metabolites in soil-water systems. Radiolabeled E2-3G was first synthesized in the laboratory. Soil-water batch experiments were then conducted using natural and sterilized topsoil (0-6 cm) and subsoil (18-24 cm) with the radiolabeled E2-3G to investigate the effects of soil organic matter content and microbial activity. The aqueous dissipation of 14C in the batch experiments followed a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid dissipation phase followed by a second slower phase. Significant differences in total aqueous 14C dissipation were observed for the different initial concentrations for both soils, with greater persistence of intact E2-3G at higher initial concentrations. / National Science Foundation [Grant No. 0730492]

Soils from two active earthflows, two earthflow deposits, and three non-earthflow landforms are examined to determine if a connection exists between near-surface soil properties and rates of earthflow movement. The study area is located in the Clackamas Ranger District of the Mt. Hood National Forest in the northern Oregon Cascades. Its geology consists of clay-bearing volcaniclastic formations overlain by unaltered flows of andesite and basalt, a combination that contributed to large-scale landsliding during the late Pleistocene. Deposits from these landslides now cover much of the valley floor, and it is from these deposits that earthflows tend to mobilize. The main hypothesis is that near-surface soil properties reflect earthflow movement and may be used to distinguish between active and inactive earthflows. The results support this hypothesis and indicate that soils in each of the three categories show clear differences in terms of their physical properties. The mean field moisture content of active earthflows is 56 percent, while that of earthflow deposits is 46 percent and that of non-earthflow landforms is 36 percent. All samples from active earthflows exhibit plasticity, whereas 90 percent of samples from earthflow deposits and only 25 percent of samples from nonearthflow landforms exhibit plasticity. The mean liquid limit of active earthflows is 78 percent, compared to 60 percent for earthflow deposits and 46 percent for non-earthflow landforms. The mean plasticity index of active earthflows is 41 percent, compared to only 13 percent for earthflow deposits and non-earthflow landforms. These differences are largely attributed to clay content and clay type. The mean clay content of active earthflows is 46 percent, compared to 24 percent for earthflow deposits and only 5 percent for nonearthflow landforms. In contrast, the mean sand content of active earthflows is 20 percent, while earthflow deposits contain 40 percent and non-earthflow landforms 50 percent. This difference in particle sizes is reflected in friction angle. Active earthflows have a mean friction angle of 15 degrees, compared to 24 degrees for earthflow deposits and 31 degrees for non-earthflow landforms. These results indicate that soil properties can be used to draw distinctions between active and inactive earthflows. However, soil properties are much less effective at distinguishing between active earthflows that move at different rates. For example, Junction earthflow, which moves only a few centimeters per year, is composed of soils that indicate it to be less stable than the Collowash earthflow, which moves approximately 2 meters per year. The reason for this discrepancy is that, in addition to soil properties, the rate of earthflow movement depends on the complimentary effects of hydrology, slope angle, toe erosion, and boundary roughness. Many ancient landslide deposits in the Mt. Hood National Forest are poised for action and may mobilize upon the slightest provocation. Since this is not seen as a "desired future condition" there is a need to differentiate between those deposits with a potential for reactivation and those likely to remain dormant. Examining the physical properties of soils appears to be one way to do this, and the information collected is valuable to land managers and earth scientists alike.

Factors influencing natural attenuation of dinitrotoluenes (DNT) in surface soils and the application of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a remediation strategy were examined using contaminated soils from Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP). Based on the previous research involving contaminated media obtained from locations at BAAP, and the fact that groundwater at the site is not contaminated, it seemed likely that aerobic biodegradation of DNT is active without intervention, and that natural attenuation may be an effective strategy for managing the contamination that exists at BAAP. Microcosms showed that microbes indigenous to soils are capable of 2,4-DNT mineralization and that DNT will adsorb reversibly and become bioavailable. In column studies 2,4-DNT biodegradation was observed and the nitrite evolved during DNT degradation was presumably removed due to oxidation by nitrite oxidizers. The use of simulated rainwater as influent with no nutrient amendments suggests that nutrients do not limit the biodegradation of low concentrations of DNT in the soil tested. In the chemostat study carried out to study effect lowering of temperature (22㬠15㬠10㬠7.5㠡nd 4㩠on biodegradation of DNT at hydraulic retention time of 2.5 days, no sustained change in the DNT substrate removal was observed with change in temperature, but it had a large effect on the nitrite oxidizers. This suggests that the seasonal fluctuations in temperature will have minimal effect on the DNT removal via biodegradation at temperatures above 0㮠Nitrite oxidizers were active at 22㬠their activity decreased at 15㠡nd ceased at temperatures 10㠡nd lower. Nitrite is generally taken as a line of evidence for biodegradation of DNT. The results from the soil column study and chemostat showed that nitrite measurement should not be always taken as a conclusive indicator of DNT degradation. It should be taken into consideration that absence of nitrite does not necessarily mean absence of DNT biodegradation (probably at high temperatures).

[Truncated abstract] Fire creates charcoal from the partial burning of biomass which results in a biologically inert form of carbonaceous (non-living) organic matter that, once integrated into soil and sediments, can persist for long periods of time. Charcoal has a large surface area with a high sorptive capacity for organic and inorganic substances. As a repository for metal and non-metal elements charcoal has been given little, if any, attention in the fields of geochemistry, agriculture and environmental monitoring . . . Despite the differences in charcoal surface area, soil charcoal achieved nearly 100% sorption of 0.5 and 5 μg/g Au from 0.03 M NaCl and 0.01M Ca(NO3)2 solution, almost independent of solution pH. At low pH, charcoal sorbed between 10 and 60% of Cu with initial additions of 2 and 20 μg Cu/g. Similarly, between 15 and 40% of Zn was sorbed by charcoal with initial additions of 5 and 40 μg Zn/g. The role of surface area in sorption of elements by charcoal is clearly only one factor that is important. Charcoal aromatic and aliphatic chemical functional groups, which can be distinguished from other forms of organic matter through spectroscopic determination, are also important in charcoal’s capacity to sorb elements. Accumulation of Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Se, Mo, Ba, Au and Pb (out of a range of 29 elements) in soil charcoal, above the concentrations in the matrix soil and plant reference charcoal, was confirmed by ICP-MS analysis. Concentrations of V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ba, Au, Pb and Bi were higher in soil charcoal than in values quoted for gossans and pisolites in the field area region (Smith and Perdrix, 1983). Higher values of Au in soil charcoal were associated with considerable amounts of included clay minerals and higher values of other elements including Mo, Mn and Fe.

Orientador: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Leonardo Theodoro Büll / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Marina Moura Morales / Banca: Rosemary Marques de A. Bertani / Resumo: A reduzida eficiência de aproveitamento dos fertilizantes fosfatados é influenciada pela solubilidade de suas fontes. Uma das alternativas para melhorar a disponibilidade de P nos solos e aumentar o aproveitamento dos fertilizantes é a aplicação de silicatos. Para verificar a influência dos corretivos de acidez e das fontes de fósforo nos atributos químicos do solo ao longo do tempo foi realizado o Experimento 1, utilizando um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com dois corretivos de acidez (calcário dolomítico e escória de aciaria) e cinco tratamentos, sendo uma testemunha (sem NPK), uma testemunha relativa (sem fósforo) e os demais tratamentos constituídos de diferentes fontes de fósforo (superfosfato triplo - ST; termofosfato - TM; fosfato natural reativo - FNR). Os corretivos de acidez tiveram mesmo efeito na elevação de pH do solo. A escória de aciaria resultou em maior teor de P apenas 30 dias após incubação. Independente do corretivo, 150 dias após a incubação, o teor de P no solo seguiu a ordem ST > TM = FNR > sem NPK = sem P. Para verificar os atributos químicos do solo, a nutrição e a produção de amendoim e do capim marandu em solos sob a influência dos corretivos de acidez e das fontes de fósforo, foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The low efficiency of utilization of phosphates fertilizers is influenced by the solubility of its sources. An alternative to improve the availability of P in soils and increase the use of fertilizers is the use of silicates. To evaluate the influence of the acidity correctives and sources of phosphorus in soil chemical properties over time, the Experiment 1 was performed using a Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications in a factorial scheme 2x5, with two acidity correctives (dolomitic limestone and steel slag) and five treatments, as a control (without NPK), a relative control (without phosphorus) and the other treatments consisting of different phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate - TS, thermo phosphate - TM and reactive natural phosphate - FNR). The acidity correctives had the same effect in the rise of soil pH, and the steel slag resulted in higher value than limestone in P resin in soil only 30 days after incubation. Independent of the acidity correctives, 150 days after incubation, the value of soil P followed the order ST > TM = FNR > sem NPK = sem P. To evaluate the chemical soil properties, nutrition and production of peanuts and grass in soils under the influence of the acidity correctives and phosphorus sources, were conducted the Experiments 2 and 3 in FCA - UNESP, Botucatu campus. In peanuts, the application of steel slag resulted in highest plants with biggest leaves+stalk dry matter production than limestone, however the grain dry matter per vase was biggest when the limestone was applied, following the order TM = FNR > ST > sem P in this corrective. In marandu grass, comparing the correctives, with steel slag the total production of dry matter was upper in the soil control and the limestone in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor