Non-dilute salt strength solutions occur in many near surface geologic environments. In order to better understand the occurrence and movement of the water and salt, mathematical models for this non-ideal fluid need to be developed. Initial boundary value problems may then be solved to predict behavior for comparison with observations. Using the principles of equilibrium reversible and irreversible thermodynamics, relationships describing the thermo-physics of non-dilute saline solutions in variably saturated porous media are investigated. Each of four central chapters investigates a particular aspect of the flow of saline solutions through porous media. The first chapter derives the general relationships describing the effects of salt on the vapor content in the gas phase and also on the liquid pressure. The second chapter summarizes an example using the new theory for sodium chloride (NaCl) from zero to saturated strength. Additional terms beyond the dilute approximation are shown to be more important in very dry, fine textured soils with significant salt content. The third chapter derives the salt corrections for Darcy-type flow laws for variably saturated porous media, and an example for NaCl is given. Agreement between theory and experimental data is good, though there appear to be some unaccounted for effects. These effects may be the result of ionic interaction of the salt with the loamy sand used, and/or the effect of hysteresis of the water content-pressure relationship. The final chapter investigates two fundamental assumptions commonly used in process thermodynamics when considering mixtures described by porous media, saline water, and moist air. The first assumption is that temperature is the generalized intensive variable associated with entropy. The second assumption is that the form of the differential of total energy is known a-priori. It is shown that the first assumption is suspect under some circumstances, and a generalized notion of how to select extensive variables for a given system is introduced for comparison with the second assumption. Examples comparing the "usual" and new theories are accomplished for ideal gases and for isotropic Newtonian liquids, with results being favorable except possibly for the Gibbs-Duhem Relation of the Newtonian liquid for the "usual" theory. / Graduation date: 2005

No description available.

A physically based model describing the mechanism of surface sealing of soil was evaluated in the context of aggregate stability. The intent of the model study was to better understand the effect of mixing fine-textured mineral subsoil with organic surface soil on structural stability and surface seal formation. The mixing results from tillage and harvesting operations, and management practices such as levelling. The index derived from the model showed that sealing of the shallow organic soil increased with an increase of mineral matter content. The mathematical formulation of the model was based on the principle of conservation of mass and Darcy's law for flow of water through a layered soil column. Assuming convective flow, it was shown theoretically that the rate of surface seal formation is proportional to the flux density of the filtrate, as assumed by Scheidegger (1974). In the model it was further assumed that the pore necks at the soil surface clog first before the seal develops. The assumption that convective flow alone was responsible for the movement of the suspension is likely incorrect for suspensions derived from medium or coarse textured soils, since sedimentation does influence the movement of larger particles. However, introducing a constant sedimentation parameter into the convective flow model did not improve the model. Therefore, it is likely a non-constant sedimentation parameter could improve the model considerably. The model showed that for sufficiently large times the flux density of a filtrate flowing through a soil column at a constant hydraulic head is proportional to inverse square root of time. Testing the model experimentally showed a good agreement between theory and experiment. A highly significant correlation between the soil stability factor derived from the model and aggregate stability suggests that the index is a soil structural attribute. The soil stability factor was exponentially related with aggregate stability and mineral matter content. However, whereas the relationship between the soil stability factor and aggregate stability gave a positive exponent, a negative exponent was obtained with mineral matter content. Further studies showed that structural stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the aggregate beds were positively and significantly correlated exponentially. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity and mineral matter content were negatively and significantly correlated exponentially. Collateral to the results of the model, the strong negative correlation between wet-sieved aggregate stability and mineral matter content confirmed the deleterious effect of mixing fine-textured mineral soil on the structure of the shallow organic soil. It was theorized that aggregates stabilized through clay-organic complexing are likely to be much stronger than aggregates stabilized through other mechanisms. This implies that whenever the mineral matter content is much higher than the organic matter content, the surplus mineral matter that does not interact with organic matter will be most dispersible. The high silt content of the mineral matter fraction is likely to be an important factor contributing to the decrease in structural stability with increasing mineral matter content. Once the clay and the organic colloids have interacted, the silt that remains is not capable of forming stable aggregates without colloids (Baver et al. 1972). From measurements of the air to water permeability ratio, the decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity of the aggregate beds with increasing mineral matter content was attributed to slaking of the mineral matter fraction. However, it is possible for the soil with high mineral matter content to be stable if the mineral matter is allowed to be in contact with the organic matter for a long period of time. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Peatlands cover a total area of approximately 3 million square kilometers and are one of the largest natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most traditional methods used to estimate biogenic gas dynamics are invasive and provide little or no information about lateral distribution of gas. In contrast, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an emerging technique for non-invasive investigation of gas dynamics in peat soils. This thesis establishes a direct comparison between gas dynamics (i.e. build-up and release) of four different types of peat soil using GPR. Peat soil blocks were collected at peatlands with contrasting latitudes, including the Everglades, Maine and Minnesota. A unique two-antenna GPR setup was used to monitor biogenic gas buildup and ebullition events over a period of 4.5 months, constraining GPR data with surface deformation measurements and direct CH4 and CO2 concentration measurements. The effect of atmospheric pressure was also investigated. This study has implications for better understanding global gas dynamics and carbon cycling in peat soils and its role in climate change. / by Anastasija Cabolova. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A resiliência física de solos é proveniente de processos regenerativos que incluem ciclos de umedecimento e secamento, congelamento e descongelamento assim como as atividades biológicas. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que as propriedades físicas do solo,tais como a permeabilidade do solo ao ar, densidade do solo, porosidade de aeração e porosidade total são indicadores físicos eficientes para quantificar a resiliência de solos de diferentes texturas submetidos ao estresse mecânico (compactação) e após subseqüentes ciclos de umedecimento e secamento. O objetivo foi avaliar o comportamento e a resiliência do solo por meio de propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho. Foram retiradas 25 amostras indeformadas (0-0,05m) de dois solos: solo I com textura argilosa e solo II com textura franco argilo arenosa, realizando as determinações das propriedades físicas nos tratamentos: antes da compactação(A), depois da compactação (C0) e após ciclos de umedecimento e secamento (C1,C2,C3,C4). As propriedades densidade do solo e porosidade total não apresentaram recuperação da condição inicial após a compactação nos solos I e II, as propriedades conteúdo volumétrico de água e porosidade de aeração apresentaram recuperação parcial apenas no solo I, para o solo II também não apresentaram recuperação, e a permeabilidade do solo ao ar foi a propriedade que apresentou a melhor recuperação assim como foi a que apresentou maior resiliência. Em relação ao distinto comportamento dos dois solos, observou-se que o solo I foi mais resiliente que o solo II nas propriedades que apresentaram recuperação. / The soil physical resilience comes from regenerative processes which include cycles of wetting and drying, freezing and thawing as well as biological activities. This study tested the hypothesis that the physical properties of soil such as soil permeability, bulk density, aeration porosity and total porosity are efficient physical indicators to quantify the resilience of soils of different textures subjected to mechanical stress (compression) and after subsequent cycles of wetting and drying. The objective was to evaluate the behavior and soil resilience by means of physical properties of an Oxisol. Undisturbed samples were taken 25 (0-0.05 m) of two soils: clayey soil and soil with sandy clay loam texture, making determinations of physical properties in the treatments before compression (A), after compaction (C0) and after wetting and drying cycles (C1, C2, C3, C4). The bulk density properties and porosity did not recover the initial condition after compression in the soil I and II, the properties volumetric content of water and air-filled porosity showed only partial recovery in the soil I, II to the soil also showed no recovery and soil permeability to air was the property that showed the best recovery as well as showed the greatest resilience. Regarding the different behavior of the two soil, it was observed that the soil I was more resilient soil II in which showed recovery properties

A produção de álcool combustível vem aumentando a cada ano devido à necessidade de substituir as fontes de combustíveis fósseis, que é finita, e por outro lado o álcool que é uma fonte de energia renovável. Porém, a produção deste combustível gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos, sendo a vinhaça o que chama mais atenção, pelo seu alto valor como fertilizante e, principalmente, pela quantidade expressiva de potássio. O íon potássio, por se tratar de um cátion monovalente tem a característica de promover a dispersão das partículas de argila, assim como o sódio, provocando um entupimento dos poros do solo e diminuindo a sua permeabilidade, o que pode resultar em encharcamento e aumentar o escoamento superficial. Para avaliar este efeito dispersivo da aplicação de vinhaça no solo foram implementados dois experimentos: O Experimento I teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de vinhaça na condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e o Experimento II avaliou diferentes doses de aplicação de vinhaça no escoamento superficial. No Experimento I foram utilizadas colunas de PVC preenchidas com 3 tipos de solos (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro LVE, Latossolo Roxo LR e Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico NVE), nas quais foram aplicadas quatro doses de vinhaça (0, 150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4 com três repetições. Neste experimento, utilizou-se um permeâmetro de carga constante para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado. No segundo experimento, montou-se uma estrutura na área pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural (ESALQ/USP) para avaliação de escoamento superficial em um Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico. O delineamento experimental adotado neste experimento foi blocos ao acaso num esquema fatorial 3x3 com três blocos, sendo: 3 variedades de cana-de-açúcar (IAC87-3396, SP81-3250 e RB86-7515) e 3 doses de vinhaça (150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1). Os parâmetros avaliados foram a perda de água e de solo, perda do potássio e de sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT). Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que no solo LVE com o aumento das doses de vinhaça diminuiu-se os valores de condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e para os solos LR e NVE os valores deste parâmetro aumentaram com o acréscimo das doses. Em relação ao escoamento superficial não houve efeito significativo para os fatores em estudo, demonstrando que as doses não contribuíram para o aumento do escoamento superficial como se era suposto. / The production of alcohol used as fuel is increasing every year due to the need to replace the sources of fossil fuels, which is finite, and on the other hand alcohol is a renewable energy source. But the production of this fuel generates large quantities of waste and the vinasse draws most attention by its high value as fertilizer, primarily by the amount of potassium. The potassium ion due to a monovalent feature is to promote the dispersion of the clay particles as well as sodium, clogged the pores of the soil by decreasing the permeability, may cause flooding and increase runoff. For evaluating the dispersive effect of vinasse on the soil were implemented two experiments: Experiment I aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of vinasse in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and Experiment II, which evaluated different doses of vinasse in runoff. In Experiment I were used PVC columns filled with 3 kinds of soils (Dark Red Latosol - LVE, Dusky Red Latosol- LR and Rhodic Kandiustalf - NVE), and applied four doses of vinasse (0, 150, 300 and 450 m3 ha -1), in a completely randomized design in a 3x4 factorial design with three replications. In this experiment we used a constant load permeameter to obtain the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil. In the second experiment was mounted in a structure belonging to the Department of Rural Engineering (ESALQ / USP) for evaluation of runoff in a Rhodic Kandiustalf. The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial with three blocks, and these factors were: 3 varieties of sugarcane (IAC87-3396, SP81-3250 and RB86-7515) and 3 doses of vinasse (150 , 300 and 450 m3 ha-1). The parameteres evaluated were the loss of water and soil, loss of potassium and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results obtained showed that the soil LVE with increasing doses of vinasse also decreased the values of hydraulic conductivity, and for the LR soil and NVE values of this parameter increased with increased doses. In the runoff no significant effect on the factors under study, showing that the doses did not contribute to the increase in runoff as was supposed.

A resiliência física de solos é proveniente de processos regenerativos que incluem ciclos de umedecimento e secamento, congelamento e descongelamento assim como as atividades biológicas. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que as propriedades físicas do solo,tais como a permeabilidade do solo ao ar, densidade do solo, porosidade de aeração e porosidade total são indicadores físicos eficientes para quantificar a resiliência de solos de diferentes texturas submetidos ao estresse mecânico (compactação) e após subseqüentes ciclos de umedecimento e secamento. O objetivo foi avaliar o comportamento e a resiliência do solo por meio de propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho. Foram retiradas 25 amostras indeformadas (0-0,05m) de dois solos: solo I com textura argilosa e solo II com textura franco argilo arenosa, realizando as determinações das propriedades físicas nos tratamentos: antes da compactação(A), depois da compactação (C0) e após ciclos de umedecimento e secamento (C1,C2,C3,C4). As propriedades densidade do solo e porosidade total não apresentaram recuperação da condição inicial após a compactação nos solos I e II, as propriedades conteúdo volumétrico de água e porosidade de aeração apresentaram recuperação parcial apenas no solo I, para o solo II também não apresentaram recuperação, e a permeabilidade do solo ao ar foi a propriedade que apresentou a melhor recuperação assim como foi a que apresentou maior resiliência. Em relação ao distinto comportamento dos dois solos, observou-se que o solo I foi mais resiliente que o solo II nas propriedades que apresentaram recuperação. / The soil physical resilience comes from regenerative processes which include cycles of wetting and drying, freezing and thawing as well as biological activities. This study tested the hypothesis that the physical properties of soil such as soil permeability, bulk density, aeration porosity and total porosity are efficient physical indicators to quantify the resilience of soils of different textures subjected to mechanical stress (compression) and after subsequent cycles of wetting and drying. The objective was to evaluate the behavior and soil resilience by means of physical properties of an Oxisol. Undisturbed samples were taken 25 (0-0.05 m) of two soils: clayey soil and soil with sandy clay loam texture, making determinations of physical properties in the treatments before compression (A), after compaction (C0) and after wetting and drying cycles (C1, C2, C3, C4). The bulk density properties and porosity did not recover the initial condition after compression in the soil I and II, the properties volumetric content of water and air-filled porosity showed only partial recovery in the soil I, II to the soil also showed no recovery and soil permeability to air was the property that showed the best recovery as well as showed the greatest resilience. Regarding the different behavior of the two soil, it was observed that the soil I was more resilient soil II in which showed recovery properties

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3072665 bytes, checksum: 5059ff6769784ba9baead96238de083b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In geotechnical problems of flow, the main variables that characterize the hydraulic behavior in an unsaturated medium, is the water retention curve (WRC) and the hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) of the soil. Experimental determination of these properties is generally time-consuming and costly, leading professionals to use simplifications that may eventually prejudice the projects, increasing costs and compromising safety. In order to help reduce this difficulty, in this thesis, a procedure and equipment adapted into a small centrifuge commonly used in medical applications were developed, allowingto obtain hydraulic properties (WRC and HCF) of soils in a much shorter time. The technique involves exposing soil samples initially saturated to a circular motion, resulting in a centripetal acceleration and a mass force sufficient to overcome capillarity and force fluid drainage. The equipment is able to simultaneously obtain four WRCs and four HCFs. To verify the performance of the new equipment, two soils with different characteristics, one clayey sand (SC) and a high plasticity clay (CH), were tested. The WRCs obtained with the centrifugewere compared with ones obtained by traditional methods offilter paper and pressure plate. Comparisons were appropriate up to suctions of the order of 500 kPa, the current limit of the equipment developed. For soils that require higher suctions, a proposal was made to add to the data obtained with the centrifuge, a point given by the filter paper close to the residual moisture of the soil. The methodology for obtaining the HCF is of the transient type using multiple steps, in which one applies an increase in the matric suction value, and measure the volume of water that flows out of the specimen. The HCFs obtained by centrifugal method were compared with the one given by the theoretical model of van Genuchten- Mualen and points directly measured with a flexible wall permeameter and constant flow application developed by Guimarãeset. al. (2008).Comparisons were good, especially for the thicker texture soil (SC). The maximum times to obtain the WRCs and HCFs were two days for soil SC and three days for soil CH. The methodology is efficient and reduces, significantly, the time required to obtain hydraulic properties of soils. / Em problemas geotécnicos de fluxo, as principais variáveis que caracterizam o comportamento hidráulico em um meio não saturado, são a curva de retenção de água (CRA) e a função de condutividade hidráulica (FCH) do solo. A determinação experimental destas propriedades é, geralmente, demorada e onerosa, levando os profissionais a utilizar simplificações que, eventualmente, podem prejudicar osprojetos, aumentando os custos e comprometendo a segurança. No sentido de contribuir para diminuir esta dificuldade, desenvolveu-se nesta tese, um procedimento e aparatos que, adaptados em uma centrifuga de pequeno porte comumente usada em aplicações médicas, permitem obter as propriedades hidráulicas (CRA e FCH) de solos em um tempo bem menor. A técnica consiste em expor amostras de solos inicialmente saturadas a um movimento circular, gerando uma aceleração centrípeta e uma força de massa suficiente para vencer as forças capilares e forçar a drenagem do fluido. O equipamento é capaz de obter simultaneamente quatro CRAs e quatro FCH. Para verificar o funcionamento do novo equipamento, foram utilizados dois solos com características distintas, uma areia argilosa (SC) e uma argila de alta plasticidade (CH). As CRAs obtidas por meio da centrífuga foram comparadas com as CRAs obtidas pelos métodos tradicionais do papel filtro e da placa de pressão. As comparações foram adequadas até sucções da ordem de 500 kPa, atual limite do equipamento desenvolvido. Para solos que necessitem de sucções mais altas, foi apresentada uma proposta de acrescentar aos dados obtidos com a centrífuga, um ponto obtido por meio do papel filtro com umidade próxima da residual. A metodologia para obtenção da FCH é a do regime transiente por passos múltiplos, na qual se aplica um acréscimo no valor da sucção matricial e mede-se o volume de água que sai do corpo de prova. AsFCHs obtidas pelo método centrífugo foram comparadas com ado modelo teórico de van Genuchten-Mualen e com pontos medidos diretamente com um permeâmetro de parede flexível e aplicação de vazão constante desenvolvido por Guimarães et. al. (2008). As comparações ficaram boas, principalmente, para o solo com textura mais grossa (SC). Os tempos máximos para obtenção das CRAs e FCHs foram de dois dias para o solo SC e de três dias para o solo CH. A metodologia desenvolvida se mostrou eficiente, reduzindo substancialmente o tempo necessário para se obter as propriedades hidráulicas de solos.

A produção de álcool combustível vem aumentando a cada ano devido à necessidade de substituir as fontes de combustíveis fósseis, que é finita, e por outro lado o álcool que é uma fonte de energia renovável. Porém, a produção deste combustível gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos, sendo a vinhaça o que chama mais atenção, pelo seu alto valor como fertilizante e, principalmente, pela quantidade expressiva de potássio. O íon potássio, por se tratar de um cátion monovalente tem a característica de promover a dispersão das partículas de argila, assim como o sódio, provocando um entupimento dos poros do solo e diminuindo a sua permeabilidade, o que pode resultar em encharcamento e aumentar o escoamento superficial. Para avaliar este efeito dispersivo da aplicação de vinhaça no solo foram implementados dois experimentos: O Experimento I teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de vinhaça na condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e o Experimento II avaliou diferentes doses de aplicação de vinhaça no escoamento superficial. No Experimento I foram utilizadas colunas de PVC preenchidas com 3 tipos de solos (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro LVE, Latossolo Roxo LR e Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico NVE), nas quais foram aplicadas quatro doses de vinhaça (0, 150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4 com três repetições. Neste experimento, utilizou-se um permeâmetro de carga constante para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado. No segundo experimento, montou-se uma estrutura na área pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural (ESALQ/USP) para avaliação de escoamento superficial em um Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico. O delineamento experimental adotado neste experimento foi blocos ao acaso num esquema fatorial 3x3 com três blocos, sendo: 3 variedades de cana-de-açúcar (IAC87-3396, SP81-3250 e RB86-7515) e 3 doses de vinhaça (150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1). Os parâmetros avaliados foram a perda de água e de solo, perda do potássio e de sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT). Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que no solo LVE com o aumento das doses de vinhaça diminuiu-se os valores de condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e para os solos LR e NVE os valores deste parâmetro aumentaram com o acréscimo das doses. Em relação ao escoamento superficial não houve efeito significativo para os fatores em estudo, demonstrando que as doses não contribuíram para o aumento do escoamento superficial como se era suposto. / The production of alcohol used as fuel is increasing every year due to the need to replace the sources of fossil fuels, which is finite, and on the other hand alcohol is a renewable energy source. But the production of this fuel generates large quantities of waste and the vinasse draws most attention by its high value as fertilizer, primarily by the amount of potassium. The potassium ion due to a monovalent feature is to promote the dispersion of the clay particles as well as sodium, clogged the pores of the soil by decreasing the permeability, may cause flooding and increase runoff. For evaluating the dispersive effect of vinasse on the soil were implemented two experiments: Experiment I aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of vinasse in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and Experiment II, which evaluated different doses of vinasse in runoff. In Experiment I were used PVC columns filled with 3 kinds of soils (Dark Red Latosol - LVE, Dusky Red Latosol- LR and Rhodic Kandiustalf - NVE), and applied four doses of vinasse (0, 150, 300 and 450 m3 ha -1), in a completely randomized design in a 3x4 factorial design with three replications. In this experiment we used a constant load permeameter to obtain the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil. In the second experiment was mounted in a structure belonging to the Department of Rural Engineering (ESALQ / USP) for evaluation of runoff in a Rhodic Kandiustalf. The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial with three blocks, and these factors were: 3 varieties of sugarcane (IAC87-3396, SP81-3250 and RB86-7515) and 3 doses of vinasse (150 , 300 and 450 m3 ha-1). The parameteres evaluated were the loss of water and soil, loss of potassium and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results obtained showed that the soil LVE with increasing doses of vinasse also decreased the values of hydraulic conductivity, and for the LR soil and NVE values of this parameter increased with increased doses. In the runoff no significant effect on the factors under study, showing that the doses did not contribute to the increase in runoff as was supposed.