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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gajego_eb_me_botfca.pdf: 318258 bytes, checksum: 12cb83bcb0e1495ce86ee6ad0f1ddef9 (MD5) / Nas grandes culturas agrícolas é cada vez maior a interferência de plantas daninhas e dentre os problemas existentes este é um dos que mais oneram a produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em condições de casa de vegetação a eficácia de diferentes herbicidas, sobre diferentes espécies de braquiárias, pulverizados em pré-emergência em solo seco, bem como o efeito de épocas de chuva após a aplicação destes, em dois tipos de solo. Foi instalado um estudo para cada herbicida em cada tipo de solo testado, sendo um solo de textura argilosa (Neossolo Litólico) e outro de textura média (Latossolo Vermelho-escuro Distrófico). Utilizou-se as espécies, Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea e B. ruziziensis. A semeadura foi realizada em vasos de plástico com capacidade de 4,0 L. Os herbicidas e doses testados foram: imazapic 130 g. ha-1, metribuzin 1.920 g. ha-1, e trifluralin 3.000 g. ha-1. Foi aplicada uma lâmina d‟água de 20 mm em 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 16 dias após a pulverização dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado; com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 8x2, no qual se testou oito períodos de chuva após a aplicação do herbicida em dois tipos de solo para cada espécie. Avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas em intervalos de dois dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), por um período de 15 dias. O herbicida metribuzin e trifluralin podem permanecer após a sua pulverização em solo seco por até 16 dias sem chuva, sem que sua eficiência de controle das espécies B. decumbens, B. plantaginea, e B. ruziziensis seja afetada. A eficiência de controle do herbicida metribuzin sobre as espécies de braquiárias estudadas foi dependente da textura do solo avaliado. A eficiência do herbicida trifluralin sobre... / In major crops is growing weed interference and problems among this is one of the main factors that increase the production. The aim of this study was to evaluate in terms of greenhouse effectiveness of different species of brachiaria, sprayed pre-emergence in dry soil, and the effect of extreme rainfall after application of these in two soil types. It was installed a study for each herbicide in each soil type tested, being a clay soil (Neossolo Litólico) and a medium texture (Latossolo Vermelho-escuro Distrófico). We used species, Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea and B. ruziziensis. The seeds were sown in plastic pots with a capacity of 4.0 L. Herbicides and doses were tested: 130 g imazapic. ha-1 metribuzin 1.920 g. ha-1 and 3.000 g trifluralin. ha-1. Was applied to a water depth of 20 mm at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 16 days after spraying of the herbicides. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications and treatments were arranged in a 8x2 factorial design, in which we tested eight periods of rain after herbicide application in two soil types for each species. Review of visual phytotoxicity were made every two days after plant emergence (DAE), for a period of 15 days. The herbicide trifluralin and metribuzin may remain after spraying in dry soil for up to 16 days without rain, without his control efficiency of species Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea and B. ruziziensis be affected. The control efficiency of the herbicide metribuzin on brachiaria species studied was dependent on soil texture evaluated. The efficiency of trifluralin on the species B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis was dependent on the texture of the soil studied, as for B. plantaginea the type of soil texture evaluated did not affect the control efficiency of the herbicide trifluralin. The imazapic independent of the control was not satisfactory... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Mário Sergio Tomazela / Resumo: Nas grandes culturas agrícolas é cada vez maior a interferência de plantas daninhas e dentre os problemas existentes este é um dos que mais oneram a produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em condições de casa de vegetação a eficácia de diferentes herbicidas, sobre diferentes espécies de braquiárias, pulverizados em pré-emergência em solo seco, bem como o efeito de épocas de chuva após a aplicação destes, em dois tipos de solo. Foi instalado um estudo para cada herbicida em cada tipo de solo testado, sendo um solo de textura argilosa (Neossolo Litólico) e outro de textura média (Latossolo Vermelho-escuro Distrófico). Utilizou-se as espécies, Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea e B. ruziziensis. A semeadura foi realizada em vasos de plástico com capacidade de 4,0 L. Os herbicidas e doses testados foram: imazapic 130 g. ha-1, metribuzin 1.920 g. ha-1, e trifluralin 3.000 g. ha-1. Foi aplicada uma lâmina d‟água de 20 mm em 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 16 dias após a pulverização dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado; com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 8x2, no qual se testou oito períodos de chuva após a aplicação do herbicida em dois tipos de solo para cada espécie. Avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade foram realizadas em intervalos de dois dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), por um período de 15 dias. O herbicida metribuzin e trifluralin podem permanecer após a sua pulverização em solo seco por até 16 dias sem chuva, sem que sua eficiência de controle das espécies B. decumbens, B. plantaginea, e B. ruziziensis seja afetada. A eficiência de controle do herbicida metribuzin sobre as espécies de braquiárias estudadas foi dependente da textura do solo avaliado. A eficiência do herbicida trifluralin sobre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In major crops is growing weed interference and problems among this is one of the main factors that increase the production. The aim of this study was to evaluate in terms of greenhouse effectiveness of different species of brachiaria, sprayed pre-emergence in dry soil, and the effect of extreme rainfall after application of these in two soil types. It was installed a study for each herbicide in each soil type tested, being a clay soil (Neossolo Litólico) and a medium texture (Latossolo Vermelho-escuro Distrófico). We used species, Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea and B. ruziziensis. The seeds were sown in plastic pots with a capacity of 4.0 L. Herbicides and doses were tested: 130 g imazapic. ha-1 metribuzin 1.920 g. ha-1 and 3.000 g trifluralin. ha-1. Was applied to a water depth of 20 mm at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 16 days after spraying of the herbicides. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications and treatments were arranged in a 8x2 factorial design, in which we tested eight periods of rain after herbicide application in two soil types for each species. Review of visual phytotoxicity were made every two days after plant emergence (DAE), for a period of 15 days. The herbicide trifluralin and metribuzin may remain after spraying in dry soil for up to 16 days without rain, without his control efficiency of species Brachiaria decumbens, B. plantaginea and B. ruziziensis be affected. The control efficiency of the herbicide metribuzin on brachiaria species studied was dependent on soil texture evaluated. The efficiency of trifluralin on the species B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis was dependent on the texture of the soil studied, as for B. plantaginea the type of soil texture evaluated did not affect the control efficiency of the herbicide trifluralin. The imazapic independent of the control was not satisfactory... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback / Coorientador: Alessandra Fagioli da Silva / Banca: Milton Barbosa Landim / Banca: Ana Paula Barbosa / Banca: Antonio Ribeiro da Cunha / Resumo: Os solos possuem alta variabilidade espacial devido aos diversos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos que atuam simultaneamente com diferentes intensidades na sua formação. O manejo uniforme dos solos não leva em conta tal variabilidade espacial, não sendo, portanto, a estratégia de manejo mais adequada. O uso do geoprocessamento, como ferramenta para o estudo da heterogeneidade dos solos, proporciona uma análise comportamental e uma visão espacial da realidade. Os fenômenos naturais são mais facilmente entendidos quando é possível a visualização da sua distribuição espacial e/ou temporal. Algumas das ferramentas que podem ser aplicadas para entender essas estruturas são os modelos geoestatísticos, em especial os modelos de simulação. Pela tentativa de reproduzir os mecanismos da realidade, esses modelos podem mostrar as características do solo em diferentes cenários ambientais. Pelos resultados das análises dos parâmetros físico hídricos da Sub-bacia da Cabeceira do Rio Pardo - SP, pode-se concluir: Os parâmetros que apresentaram maior variabilidade, correlação entre si e dependência espacial foram: teor de argila, umidade na capacidade de campo, umidade no ponto de murcha permanente e macroporosidade, que influenciam na condutividade hidráulica dos solos. A simulação sequencial direta de condutividade apresentou alto erro médio, o que indica o enviesamento dos dados e que o maior valor pode estar relacionado à pequena densidade amostral da área. A macroporosidade aprese... / Abstract: The soils have highly spatial variability due to various physical, chemical and biological processes that act simultaneously in their formation and with different intensities. Consequently, the uniform land management does not take into account such spatial variation, not being therefore more effective management strategy. The use of the GIS, as a tool for studying the dynamics of the soil, provides a behavioral analysis of spatial view and a soil reality. Natural phenomena are more easily understood when viewing the spatial distribution and/or time is possible. Some of the tools that can be applied to understand this dynamic are the geostatistical models, especially the simulation models. By trying to reproduce the mechanisms of fact, these models can show the soil behavior under different environmental scenarios. The results of the analysis of water physical parameters of the Sub-basin Headboard of Pardo River- SP, it can be concluded: The parameters that have greater variability, correlated and spatial dependence were clay content, humidity in the field capacity, moisture in point permanent wilting and macroporosity, that influence the hydraulic conductivity of the soil; direct sequential simulation of conductivity showed high mean error, indicating the bias of the data and that the greatest value may be related to the small sample density of the area; the macroporosity have had the best results anda was the co-factor chosen in the determination of management zones; it was... / Doutor

A 1954 soil survey of Bland County, Virginia, was evaluated to determine if remapping was required to meet current soil survey standards. Considerable savings of time and money may be realized if a complete remap was not required. Ten random transects were chosen to study soil landscape units which formed the basis for the evaluation of soil boundary placement. The soil landscape units were determined by evaluating slope, parent material, and landscape position for each traversed delineation. Based on a binomial distribution, a numerical rating was used to evaluate each delineation. Out of 89 total delineations, there were 70, 71, and 81 successful observations with respect to slope, parent material, and landscape position, respectively. Out of 10 random observations of slope, parent material, and landscape position, the probability of observing 7 or more correct observations was approximately 85, 88, and 99%, respectively. Five mapping units occurring on sideslope and/or colluvial positions were sampled according to a random effects, two-level nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) design. Physical and chemical analyses of the control section for 104 profiles were determined. All soils were described in the field and classified according to Soil Taxonomy of 1975. Variability in all mapping units with respect to cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, total sand, and clay content was primarily among sites within delineations. All mapping units were composed of more than one soil. Similar soils comprised major percentages of each mapping unit. The methodology proposed by this study suggested that the Bland County soil survey could not be significantly improved upon by remapping. However, a redefinition of mapping units and redrafting onto an aerial photobase would increase its usefulness to the comparable state of many current soil surveys. / Master of Science

Orientador: Juliano Carlos Calonego / Coorientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Fabio Fernando de Araujo / Banca: Rogério Peres Soratto / Resumo: A calagem destaca-se entre as práticas agrícolas mais eficientes em resolver os problemas relacionados à acidez do solo, entretanto resulta em emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), principalmente CO2. É possível que o aumento no desenvolvimento radicular no perfil do solo e da biomassa aérea, decorrente da aplicação de corretivos de acidez, como o calcário, e de condicionadores, como o gesso agrícola, promova maior retorno de C ao solo na forma de resíduos, o que pode favorecer a fixação do CO2 da atmosfera no solo. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, bem como possíveis alterações no estoque de carbono do solo, em função da correção da acidez do solo utilizando calcário e gesso em sistema semeadura direta (SSD), além da emissão de carbono equivalente por unidade de massa de grãos produzida pelo feijoeiro. O presente trabalho é parte de um experimento de longa duração, instalado em 2002/03, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu (SP). Após a colheita do trigo em julho de 2014 semeou-se em outubro do mesmo ano milheto para produção de palha, e posteriormente a dessecação da área foi realizada a semeadura da cultura do feijão, no ... / Abstract: Liming stands out among the most efficient agricultural practices in solving the soil acidity-related problems, however results in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly CO2. It is possible that the increase in root development in the soil profile and biomass, resulting from the application of soil correctives such as limestone and conditioners such as agricultural gypsum, promote greater return of C to the soil in the form of waste, which can promote the fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil. Thus aimed to evaluate the emission of greenhouse gases, and possible changes in the stock of soil carbon, depending on soil acidity correction using lime and phosphogypsum in no-tillage, in addition to carbon emissions equivalent per unit mass of grain produced by bean plants. This work is part of a long-term experiment, installed in 2002/03, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP in Botucatu (SP). After the wheat harvest in July 2014 the millet was sown in October of that year to produce straw, and after the desiccation of the area its was held the sowing of bean crop in early December 2014. The experimental design was performed in randomized block, in a split plot scheme, with four repetitions. The plots consisted of four liming rates (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1) and the subplots of two rates of phosphogypsum (0 to 2100 kg ha-1). The following evaluations were performed: total organic carbon and total soil nitrogen, stock of C and N of the soil, C and N microbial biomass of the soil and the contents of C and N in the dry matter. It were determined the CO2 streams; CH4 and N2O by static chambers in the periods 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 days after sowing of millet and 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30; 60; 90 days after sowing the beans, totaling 15 sampling periods. It was observed that the higher CO2 emissions are related to the CMBS content, which is ... / Mestre

During a volcanic eruption, the extrusion of lava onto surfaces destroys biological activity creating virgin land surfaces. Through time this new land will be subject to soil formation and colonisation under relatively similar climatic conditions and parent materials. Soils formed from volcanic deposits present a unique opportunity to study microbial community development. Soils at different developmental stages and differing in vegetation cover were selected from four locations on the slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily. Three main research objectives were determined in order to test the hypothesis that the microbial communities from soils at later stages of development would have a greater biomass, be more diverse, be more efficient at utilising carbon sources and recover from an environmental disturbance at a greater rate. A field experiment was conducted to ascertain the long term in situ catabolic abilities of the microbial communities in each soil and to establish the effects of litter mixing on decomposition rate. Litter bags containing either Genista aetnensis (Etnean Broom), Pinus nigra (Corsican Pine) or a mixture of the two were buried at each of the sites and their decomposition monitored over a 2.5 year period. PLFA diversity, community composition and function was assessed for each of the soils. The soils were also subject to a disturbance and the recovery of key community parameters was monitored over a six month period in order to establish each soil community’s resistance and resilience to disturbance. A laboratory experiment was conducted in order to investigate functional diversity and decomposition functions of each soil community using a range of simple and complex substrates. The relationship between PLFA diversity and functional diversity was also investigated. No correlation was found between soil C and N contents, microbial biomass or soil respiration and soil developmental stage and there was no detectable difference in litter bag mass loss between the soil types. No non- additive effects were noted in mixed litters. The more developed soil had a greater PLFA diversity and PLFA biomass however the more developed soil was not more resistant or resilient to disturbance. Developed soils showed greater catabolic diversity compared with less developed soils broadly correlating with PLFA diversity. Despite increased PLFA diversity and functional diversity in the more developed soils, residue decomposition in situ was unaffected. Reduced PLFA diversity and community complexity did not result in reduced function. Soils at different developmental stages had similar catabolic responses and were able to degrade simple and complex substrates to a similar degree. Microbial diversity in soil has the potential to be very high thus resulting in a high rate of functional redundancy i.e. many species within the same community which have the same functional role. It is possible that only a few key functional groups present within the soil community contribute to the main decomposition function within the soil and were able to maintain function during perturbation. Both Etna soils had similar PLFA’s present in similar concentrations and these groups in general were maintained during disturbance. This suggests that total microbial community diversity may not be as important to community function as the presence of key functional groups.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Long term no-till (NT) farming can improve the CH4 oxidation capacity of agricultural lands through creation of a favorable soil environment for methanotrophs and diffusive gas transport. However, limited data is available to evaluate the merit of that contention. Although the potential for biological CH4 oxidation may exist in NT soils, restricted diffusion could limit expression of that potential in fine-textured soils. A study was conducted to assess the CH4 oxidation potential and gaseous diffusivity of soils under plow till (PT) and NT for > 50 years. Intact cores and composite soils samples (0-10 and 10-20 cm) were collected from NT and PT plots located at a well-drained site (Wooster silt loam) and at a poorly-drained (Crosby silt loam) site in Ohio. Adjacent deciduous forest soils were also sampled to determine maximum rate expected in undisturbed soils in the region. Regardless of study sites and soil depth, CH4 oxidation rate (measured at near ambient CH4) and oxidation potential (Vmax, measured at elevated CH4) were 3-4 and 1.5 times higher in NT than in PT soils, respectively. Activity in the NT soils approached (66-80 %) that in the forest soils. Half saturation constants (Km) and threshold for CH4 oxidation (Th) were lower in NT (Km: 100.5 µL CH4 L-1; Th: 0.5 µL CH4 L-1) than in PT soils (Km: 134 µL CH4 L-1; Th: 2.8 µL CH4 L-1) suggesting a greater affinity of long-term NT soils for CH4, and a possible shift in methanotrophic community composition. CH4 oxidation rates were lower in intact soil cores compared to sieved soils, suggesting that CH4 oxidation was limited by diffusion, a factor that could lead to lower field-measured CH4 uptake than suggested by biological oxidation capacity measured in the laboratory. Regardless of soil drainage characteristic, long-term NT resulted in significantly higher (2-3 times) CH4 diffusivity (mean: 2.5 x 10-3 cm2 s-1) than PT (1.5 x 10-3 cm2 s-1), probably due to improved soil aggregation and greater macro-pores volume in NT soils. Overall, these results confirm the positive impact of NT on the restoration of the biological (Vmax, Km and Th) and physical (diffusivity) soil attributes essential for CH4 uptake in croplands. Long-term implementation of NT farming can therefore contribute to the mitigation of CH4 emission from agriculture.