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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Détoxification des eaux usées urbaines par photocatalyse solaire / Detoxification of wastewater by solar photocalalysis

Achouri, Faouzi 18 July 2016 (has links)
Ces dernières décennies, la pollution de l’eau est devenue un problème se posant avec insistance dans le monde entier. En effet, la forte croissance des besoins en eau due à l’accroissement démographique ainsi qu’aux évolutions industrielles, agricoles et urbaines, engendrent des quantités énormes de rejets d’eaux usées. Ces derniers sont déversés dans la nature avec ou sans traitement et peuvent constituer un danger via la transmission de maladies ainsi que pour l’irrigation des terres qui se trouvent aux alentours du site de rejet. L’objectif de cette étude est le traitement des rejets aqueux par l’utilisation d’une nouvelle technologie appelée « photocatalyse hétérogène ». Ce procédé est basé sur l’utilisation d’un semiconducteur irradié par une source lumineuse de longueur d’onde appropriée et est simple à mettre en œuvre et peu coûteux. Des semiconducteurs ZnO/Fe2O3, ZnO de morphologie « bâtonnets » et ZnO dopé Mn2+ ont été synthétisés et testés dans diverses applications photocatalytiques. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une amélioration de l’efficacité catalytique par rapport au ZnO commercial. Les matériaux développés permettent de réduire la recombinaison des charges et, par conséquent, d’améliorer l’activité photocatalytique lors de la dégradation des polluants chimiques (acide salicylique, Orange II) et biologiques (bactéries) sous l’irradiation solaire. De plus, nous avons démontré la recyclabilité de ces catalyseurs sans traitement particulier. Dans la seconde partie de notre travail, nous avons étudié le mécanisme de la photocatalyse solaire sur une souche de référence E. coli MG 1655 en utilisant les bâtonnets ZnO soit en suspension soit immobilisés sur un support inerte. Les résultats montrent une perte de cultivabilité de la bactérie E. coli avec des dommages essentiellement localisés au niveau membranaire et des protéines, le matériel génétique restant intact. La réponse de trois souches bactériennes (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Salmonella enterica Typhi) au stress oxydant de la photocatalyse a montré des différences pouvant être attribués aux différences morphologiques, métaboliques et génétiques des souches (certaines souches peuvent se réactiver après traitement). Des études réalisées sur la souche Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 4114) montrent qu’il y a une perte de cultivabilité mais que la bactérie conserve sa capacité de se réactiver ainsi que ses caractères de virulence après traitement / In recent decades, the water pollution has become a problem worldwide. Indeed, the strong growth in water demand due to population growth as well as industrial developments, agricultural and urban, generates huge amounts of waste water discharges. These are released into nature with or without treatment and may constitute a danger via the transmission of diseases as well as for irrigation of lands that are surrounding the site of release. The objective of this study is the treatment of aqueous waste through the use of a new technology "heterogeneous photocatalysis." This method is based on the use of a semiconductor irradiated by a light source of appropriate wavelength and is simple to implement and inexpensive. ZnO / Fe2O3 semiconductors, ZnO morphology "nanorods" and Mn2+ doped ZnO were synthesized and tested in various photocatalytic applications. The results showed an improvement in catalytic efficiency compared to the commercial ZnO. The developed materials can reduce the recombination of charges and, therefore, improve the photocatalytic activity when the degradation of chemical pollutants (salicylic acid, Orange II) and biological (bacteria) under solar irradiation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated recyclability of these catalysts without specific treatment. In the second part of our work, we studied the solar photocatalysis mechanism on a reference strain E. coli MG1655 using ZnO nanorods either in suspension or immobilized on an inert support. The results show a loss of cultivability of E. coli with damage essentially localized in cell membranes and proteins. The genetic material remaining intact. The response of three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica Typhi) to oxidative stress of photocatalysis showed differences can be attributed to morphology, metabolism and genetics of each strain. (Some strains can be reactivated after treatment). Studies performed on the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 4114) show that there is a loss of cultivability but that the bacterium retains its ability to activate its virulence and characters after treatment
2

Matériaux carbonés multifonctionnels à porosité contrôlée à partir des ressources végétales tropicales : application au traitement de l'eau par photocatalyse / Activated carbon-TiO2 based bifunctional composite materials prepared from tropical biomasses for applications in solar water treatment

Telegang Chekem, Cedric 09 June 2017 (has links)
La double fonction absorption-photodégradation des composites CA-TiO2 vis-à-vis des polluants biorécalcitrants est une alternative prometteuse pour le traitement de l’eau par voie solaire. Dans ce travail, des composites CA-TiO2 sont élaborés suivants trois méthodes simples basées sur l’utilisation des biomasses trouvées dans la sous région ensoleillée de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Les charbons actifs (CA) obtenus après pyrolyse des biomasses développent une structure poreuse qui se modifie ensuite en fonction de la voie de fixation des nanoparticules TiO2 (NPs-TiO2) pour l’obtention des composites. Parmi les trois vois de fixation du TiO2, l’imprégnation du CA avec le sol de NPs-TiO2 préformées conduit à des matériaux (CAT.SX) avec du TiO2 déposé de façon homogène à la « surface externe » du CA. Cette microtexture permet un meilleur couplage des propriétés adsorption-photodégradation, favorables aux performances de dépollution évaluées à l’échelle de laboratoire sur des solutions de phénol à 100 mg.L-1. Le réseau pores/surface spécifique est moins développé sur les composites obtenus par fixation in situ des NPs-TiO2 sur du CA imprégné de gel de TiO2 (CAT.GX), ou par pyrolyse directe de biomasse pré-imprégnée de NPs-TiO2 (CAT.SBX) ; ce qui explique les performances de dépollution moins élevées enregistrées pour ces deux dernières familles de catalyseurs. Les cinétiques d’élimination du polluant obtenues après plusieurs cycles successifs d’utilisation des catalyseurs CAT.SX ont été correctement simulées avec un modèle dont le formalisme tient compte de la double fonctionnalité des catalyseurs. Ce modèle permet d’envisager le dimensionnement d’installations solaires en condition réelle d’utilisation de ces nouveaux catalyseurs en zones fortement ensoleillée / Adsorption/photodegradation dual property of AC-TiO2 composites materials towards biorefractory pollutants is a promising issue for solar water treatment. In this work, AC-TiO2 hybrid materials have been synthesized through 03 novel routes based on the conversion of typical biomasses, abundantly found in the subsaharian African sunny areas. Biomasses pyrolysis derived activated carbon (AC) developed a porous structure which is modified differently according to the method used to fix TiO2 nanoparticules (TiO2-NPs). AC impregnated with a sol containing TiO2-NPs suspension provides the derived composite material (CAT.SX) with TiO2-NPs regularly deposited at the “external surface”, leading to a good coupling of adsorption/photodegradation activities towards phenol elimination in 100 mg.L-1 polluted water, carried out on lab scale experiments. Pore/surface area network is less developed on composites obtained after in situ fixation of TiO2-NPs on TiO2 gel impregnated AC (CAT.GX), or obtained after direct pyrolysis of TiO2-NPs impregnated biomass (CAT.SBX) – which infers lesser decontamination performances for these two latter families of catalysts. Pollutant elimination kinetics curves depicted after recycling of CAT.SX over several running water treatment was simulated with a suitable mathematical model which takes into consideration the dual functionalities of the elaborated material. The established model is a promising attempt for future dimensioning of real solar water treatment plants, operating in sunny areas with the new composite catalysts.
3

Hybrid light photocatalysis of aromatic wastes in a fluidized bed reactor

Akach, John Willis Juma Pesa 08 1900 (has links)
PhD. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / The use of solar photocatalysis for the treatment of aromatic chemicals like phenol in wastewater has attracted significant attention due to the low cost of sunlight. However, sunlight is unreliable since its intensity fluctuates during the day. This drawback can be addressed by supplementing sunlight with artificial UV lamps when the solar intensity reduces. In this work, such a hybrid solar/UV lamp reactor, internally illuminated by the UV lamp and externally by sunlight, was designed. Phenol was used as the model pollutant and the nanophase Aeroxide P25 TiO2 was employed as the photocatalyst and fluidized by compressed air. The catalyst and bubble distribution in the reactor was analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) while the Monte Carlo (MC) method was used to model the light distribution and reaction kinetics. Finally, a lamp controller was designed to specify the required UV lamp output as a function of the solar intensity. The CFD simulation using ANSYS CFX 17 showed that a fairly homogeneous distribution of the catalyst was achieved in the reactor. Consequently, accurate simulations of the light distribution could be achieved without considering the hydrodynamics. The MC models revealed that bubbles did not significantly influence light absorption at the optimum catalyst loading. This showed that air was a good medium for fluidization as it could provide good mixing and oxygen electron acceptor without negatively affecting light absorption. The forward scattering behaviour of the P25 TiO2 and the increase in light attenuation with catalyst loading was confirmed in this work. The optimum catalyst loading in the different reactor configurations was 0.15 g/L (tubular solar), 0.2 g/L (annular solar), 0.4 g/L (annular UV lamp), and 0.4 g/L (hybrid light). This resulted in experimental reaction rates of 0.337 mgL-1min-1 (tubular solar), 0.584 mgL-1min-1 (annular UV lamp), and 0.93 mgL-1min-1 (hybrid light). An analysis of the local volumetric rate of energy absorption (LVREA) and reaction rate profiles along the radial coordinate showed a non-uniformity which worsened with an increase in catalyst loading. The reaction order with respect to the volumetric rate of energy absorption (VREA) indicated that solar illumination resulted in a higher electron-hole recombination as compared to UV illumination. This, combined with the higher intensity of the UV lamp, resulted in a higher reaction rate under UV light as compared to sunlight, demonstrating that the UV lamp could be used to supplement sunlight. For a typical sunny day, a lamp controller was designed that could adjust the UV lamp output as a function of the solar intensity to maintain the reaction rate at a reference level while ensuring less energy consumption than an ON/OFF lamp controller. This work demonstrated the feasibility of hybrid solar/UV lamp photocatalysis reactor which could maintain the advantages of solar photocatalysis while mitigating its drawbacks.

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