Energy consumption is on a permanent rise and it is becoming increasingly concentrated in cities. Hence, cities have to work on saving energy and being more efficient by finding sources with great potential to produce their own energy and implanting the correct policies. Photovoltaics is the renewable energy technology with the higher potential in the urban context and Sweden is highly committed on its investment since it is the less developed renewable source in the country. The aim of the thesis is to compare two methodologies and determine which one is better or gives more relevant information for this kind of studies in order to evaluate how good a solar map is. For doing this, the first step is to create a solar map to have a general idea about the solar potential and to know which roofs are more suitable to install PV systems. This is made with LiDAR data using ArcGIS and SEES software. After that, another study on the quantity of solar power that could be obtained from those roofs will be performed using PVsyst, where it is possible to develop an entire PV system installation and obtain more exhaust results on energy production and shadowing. Four buildings are going to be evaluated, two public ones located in Gävle city centre (Library and Concert House) and two residential ones located in Sätra. Factors such as the optimal tilt, the best azimuth angle and the distance between panel rows are dimensioned in order to reduce shading loss and improve the performance ratio of the system in PVsyst. The final system is defined with 10° tilt, south orientation (0° azimuth), 1.5meters distance between rows and modules in strings of 9 panels connected in series for the four buildings. The simulated production from the best alternative is compared with the solar map results. Since the solar map contains information about total yearly irradiation, the energy production is obtained by means of visual exploration of the results combined with simple calculations that include GCR and system efficiency. The results show that a solar map is a reliable tool to obtain a general estimation of the solar potential in buildings but it is necessary to first identify its limitations and be able to filter the results. On the other hand, PVsyst software allows making several simulations and eases to obtain a PV system in a building or structure with detailed results of the system components. It can be concluded that since the PVsyst only allows to work with specific buildings or structures, a solar map permits big amounts of data calculations. It can be said that a solar map takes part in the process of obtaining a pre-project and the PVsyst is used in the project when a real installation is sized. Nevertheless, both methods are found to be reliable and suitable for solar potential assessment works since the results obtained match.

This thesis aims to determine the accessible solar potential and estimation of PV installation in Bangladesh to increase solar power production concerning conventional power production in Bangladesh. The rise of renewable energy sources and especially solar energy may result in a significant contribution to the power generation system. To achieve its advantage, proper study and research are important to establish the tangible solar capacity from relevant parameters. Conventional power production depends on a variety of factors and needs to be replaced by renewable resources for the increasing demand. Solar energy is a free source of energy and Bangladesh receives a huge quantity of solar radiation due to its geographical location in the tropical zone. In this thesis, solar irradiation, PV output, and many other parameters are determined to discover the potential of solar power. After that, total land area, population, number of households from the home establishment, number of industries, untilled land area, and other related factors are thoroughly studied and calculated to establish accessible solar electricity. Economic and environmental impacts are the most important criteria of this renewable resource from the country's perspective. Cost and CO2 emission are discussed for conventional electricity production and compared to solar electricity production.

A energia solar fotovoltaica é uma alternativa de energia limpa que está se tornando uma importante opção para se utilizar eletricidade em regiões desprovidas de energia elétrica. Um estudo das condições energéticas da região através de consulta às concessionárias de energia elétrica (Eletricidade de Moçambique - EDM no caso de Moçambique) e do Ministério de Energia do Governo, são fontes importantes de dados para se conhecer o cenário energético de cada região. Outra fonte de dados importante para se estimar o potencial de geração de energia solar fotovoltaico sãoos indices de irradiação da região. Estes podemser obtidos através do órgão meteorológico da região (INAM no caso de Moçambique) que forneceesses dados para as principais cidades através de suas estações meteorológicas espalhadas na região. Laboratórios de pesquisa internacionais sãooutra importante fonte de dados solarimétricos, pois utilizam satélites capazes de cobrir todo globo terrestre e os dados obtidos são publicados e permitem, a partir das coordenadas do local, identificar a irradiação solar em diversos locais do mundo. Os dados desses laboratórios podem ser comparados com dados de órgãos oficiais da região. Utilizando o banco de dados solarimétricospode-se calcular o potencial fotovoltaico de geração de energia de cada localização e também definir qual região seria mais propícia a utilização de energiasolar fotovoltaica conectada à rede. / Photovoltaic solar energy is an alternative clean energy that it is becoming an important option to be used in region that it does not have available electricity. A study about energy condition of region contacting local energy company (Electricity of Mozambique EDM in the case of Moçambique) and the ministry of governmental are important resources of data to know the electric power conditions scenery of each region. Another important data resource to assesss the photovoltaic potencial of a region is to access the solarimetric data of region. It should be got from the region meteorological organ (in Mozambique it is INAM) that provides this information for main cities through its meteorological station spread across the region. Research International labs are another important resource of the data. They use satellites that are able to cover the whole terrestrial globe and make it available. These data allow applications through the coordinates of the location, identify the exact solar irradiance at any point (in the case NREL in the USA). Laboratory data should be validated through comparisons with data from the official bodies of the region. Thus it is possible to build a solarimetric database and assess photovoltaic potential power generation of each location. On the current study done to Mozambique it was observed that some regions without electricity grid are very adequate to the utilization of solar energy for the direct generation of electricity connected to grid.

A energia solar fotovoltaica é uma alternativa de energia limpa que está se tornando uma importante opção para se utilizar eletricidade em regiões desprovidas de energia elétrica. Um estudo das condições energéticas da região através de consulta às concessionárias de energia elétrica (Eletricidade de Moçambique - EDM no caso de Moçambique) e do Ministério de Energia do Governo, são fontes importantes de dados para se conhecer o cenário energético de cada região. Outra fonte de dados importante para se estimar o potencial de geração de energia solar fotovoltaico sãoos indices de irradiação da região. Estes podemser obtidos através do órgão meteorológico da região (INAM no caso de Moçambique) que forneceesses dados para as principais cidades através de suas estações meteorológicas espalhadas na região. Laboratórios de pesquisa internacionais sãooutra importante fonte de dados solarimétricos, pois utilizam satélites capazes de cobrir todo globo terrestre e os dados obtidos são publicados e permitem, a partir das coordenadas do local, identificar a irradiação solar em diversos locais do mundo. Os dados desses laboratórios podem ser comparados com dados de órgãos oficiais da região. Utilizando o banco de dados solarimétricospode-se calcular o potencial fotovoltaico de geração de energia de cada localização e também definir qual região seria mais propícia a utilização de energiasolar fotovoltaica conectada à rede. / Photovoltaic solar energy is an alternative clean energy that it is becoming an important option to be used in region that it does not have available electricity. A study about energy condition of region contacting local energy company (Electricity of Mozambique EDM in the case of Moçambique) and the ministry of governmental are important resources of data to know the electric power conditions scenery of each region. Another important data resource to assesss the photovoltaic potencial of a region is to access the solarimetric data of region. It should be got from the region meteorological organ (in Mozambique it is INAM) that provides this information for main cities through its meteorological station spread across the region. Research International labs are another important resource of the data. They use satellites that are able to cover the whole terrestrial globe and make it available. These data allow applications through the coordinates of the location, identify the exact solar irradiance at any point (in the case NREL in the USA). Laboratory data should be validated through comparisons with data from the official bodies of the region. Thus it is possible to build a solarimetric database and assess photovoltaic potential power generation of each location. On the current study done to Mozambique it was observed that some regions without electricity grid are very adequate to the utilization of solar energy for the direct generation of electricity connected to grid.

This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel. Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels.  When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO2 saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area.   This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.

Modelling solar radiation data at a high spatiotemporal resolution for an urban environment can inform many different applications related to climate action, such as urban agriculture, forest, building, and renewable energy studies. However, the complexity of urban form, vastness of city-wide coverage, and general dearth of climatological information pose unique challenges doing so. To address some climate action goals related to reducing building emissions in the City of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, applied geomatics and climatology were used to model solar radiation data suitable for informing renewable energy feasibility studies, including photovoltaic system sizing, costing, carbon offsets, and financial payback. The research presents a comprehensive review of solar radiation attenuates, as well as methods of accounting for them, specifically in urban environments. A novel methodology is derived from the review and integrates existing models, data, and tools – those typically available to a local government. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a solar climatology, Esri’s ArcGIS Solar Analyst tool, and Python scripting, daily insolation (kWh/m2) maps are produced for the city of Victoria. Particular attention is paid to the derivation of daily diffuse fraction from atmospheric clearness indices, as well as LiDAR classification and generation of a Digital Surface Model (DSM). Novel and significant improvements in computation time are realized through parallel processing. Model results exhibit strong correlation with empirical data and support the use of Solar Analyst for urban solar assessments when great care is taken to accurately and consistently represent model inputs and outputs integrated in a methodological approach. / Graduate

Environ trois quarts des ressources globales sont aujourd'hui consommés dans les aires urbaines. Le processus d'urbanisation induit des changements sévères du climat local, de la qualité environnementale des espaces, ainsi qu'une augmentation significative de la demande énergétique des bâtiments. Les projections statistiques sur la croissance de la population urbaine indiquent que cette situation tendra à s'aggraver dans les années à venir. Il devient donc impératif de chercher d'autres stratégies pour mieux adapter les environnements urbains aux nouvelles demandes énergétiques, afin de réduire l'empreinte environnementale des villes. Dans ce contexte, ce travail est une contribution à la recherche énergétique urbaine, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'énergie consommée et potentiellement produite parles bâtiments à l'échelle urbaine locale. La morphologie urbaine est ici considérée comme un paramètre crucial dans le processus d'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique du cadre bâti. Dans les zones de basses latitudes, sous climat tropical, l'énergie solaire incidente est extrêmement abondante. Toutefois, la bonne utilisation de cette ressource dans les bâtiments peut suggérer l'adoption de formes urbaines très peu denses et étales, en vue de réduire les obstructions produites par l'environnement proche. A rebours, ces formes urbaines très peu denses peuvent entrainer une augmentation des apports solaires sur les façades,élevant la demande énergétique. Le contrôle des gains solaires sur les façades pour la réduction de la demande énergétique peut ainsi représenter une perte potentielle en terme d'éclairement naturel des espaces, et une réduction du potentiel de production d'énergie solaire. Afin de quantifier le potentiel de ces stratégies conflictuelles, il devient indispensable de convoquer des modèles d'analyse pluridisciplinaires, permettant de mettre en oeuvre des approches multicritères dans le processus de conception de la forme urbaine. Cette thèse s'appuie sur une réflexion prospective sur les quartiers de la ville de Maceió, Alagoas, au Brésil. Dans un premier temps, un ensemble de paramètres morphologiques caractéristiques sont employés pour identifier et caractériser le potentiel solaire de typologies de référence de la ville. Ensuite, ces paramètres sont soumis à une analyse de sensibilité via un plan d'expérience. Les paramètres statistiquement significatifs sont alors intégrés à une méthode paramétrique d'optimisation dans laquelle l'algorithme génétique NSGA-II est couplé à un algorithme simplifiée de radiosité, visant à maximiser le potentiel de production d'énergie sur les toitures des bâtiments, tout en minimisant les apports solaires sur ses façades. Nous considérons des seuils d'éclairement naturel et intégrons des règles locales d'urbanisme comme contraintes aux projets. Cinq typologies représentatives du tissu urbain de Maceió ont ainsi été identifiées. L'ensemble des indicateurs les plus influents sur le potentiel solaire des formes urbaines a été hiérarchisé, en mettant l'accent notamment sur le rôle du prospect moyen ou de l'albédo des surfaces. La méthode d'optimisation a permis de tester plus de 80 000configurations d'ilots urbains et les résultats obtenus font apparaître une grande diversité de morphologies «optimum». Ces projets ont des performances solaires supérieures à celles des typologies existantes dans la ville. Cette intégration de stratégies énergétiques contradictoires montre qu'au-delà de l'intégration de contraintes variées et d'une meilleure adaptation à la complexité du processus de design urbain, l'approche utilisée ici apparaît très utile pour la recherche de solutions urbaines performantes à l'échelle des quartiers. Cette approche peut ainsi participer au renouvellement de l'Architecture de la Ville / At the beginning of 21th century, the world was faced with unprecedented environmental transformations. The urbanization process reached record levels and it keeps increasing, especiallyin developing countries. Around 3/4 of global resources are currently consumed in urban settlements, with corresponding adverse environmental consequences which leads to severe local climate changes, affecting environmental quality of spaces and leading to a significant increase of energy demand in buildings. A projection of the world urban population indicates that this situation will worsen in the coming years. It is therefore imperative that we understand how to design less resource intensive urban settlements. This research consists of a contribution to the energy debate in cities, focusing on the energy potentially consumed and produced by the built environment in the neighborhood scale. Urban morphology has been pointed out as a pivotal issue on shifting to climate adapted urban environments towards energy efficiency of buildings. In tropical climate regions, solar energy represents a high potential for renewable electric production in buildings, recording high levels of irradiation throughout the year. Though, engaging such a strategy may suggest applying sparsely low-density urban forms, aiming at reducing obstructions caused by the urban built surroundings. On one hand, scattered and less dense urban forms may result in significant increase of solar thermal load in buildings vertical facades, but on the other hand, the control of the solar heat gains in urban facades may represent significant losses on indoors daylight levels andalso reducing solar energy harness. Estimating the relative potential of these conflicting design strategies, taking into account the constrained parameters related to local building regulation, requires coupling multidisciplinary and multiobjective models of analysis in order to integrate multi-criteria approach in the urban design process. This thesis aims to contribute to a prospective energy debate toward sustainable urban districts for the city of Maceió in Brazil. Firstly, a set of energy-related morphological parameters are applied to identify, classify and characterize the solarpotential of local urban typologies. Then, these parameters are analyzed by means of a sensitivity analysis using a design of experiments reduced factorial method. The statistically most significant parameters are then submitted to a parametric design methodology via optimization, in which thenon-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is coupled with a simplified radiosity algorithm.The solar constraints are integrated as design criteria aiming at maximizing the solar energy potential on building roofs and minimizing solar gains on the their vertical facades. Daylight threshold levels as well as local building regulation parameters are taken into account as design constraints. Five representative types of urban fabric of Maceió were identified which allowed examining and adapting them from the use of energy-related indicators of the urban form. A set of most influential indicators of solar potential of urban forms was hierarchized, highlighting the role of the aspect ratio and albedo of urban surfaces. The application of optimization algorithm allowed testing more than 80,000 urban settings, pointing out a great diversity of "optimum" morphologies of urban blocks. The urban block designs obtained behaved better compared to the existing local typologies. Dealing with conflicting energy strategies by means of a constrained evolutionary optimization design process offered a great opportunity in searching for new solutions to the urban design in the neighborhood scale, helping to guide urban designers' decisions and allowing arenewal of the Architecture of the city