Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 40-41.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliography.

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<p> Unsworth and Monteith's (1972) aerosol attenuation coefficient TA was calculated with hourly cloudless data at four North American and four European stations for varying time periods. Monthly and seasonal turbidity trends were examined. Annual cycles were observed with summer maximums and winter minimums. The North American stations were less turbid and had more pronounced trends than the European stations. Both air mass origin and local weather affect the turbidity. Local sources of pollution have a significant effect on turbidity most notably in large urban centres.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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Solar flare soft x-ray emission from 0.5 Å to 8.5 Å was observed during 1967-68 by U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Bragg crystal (LiF and EDDT) spectrometers aboard the OS0-4 satellite and also by NRL broad band ionization detectors aboard the OG0-4 satellite. In this work, instrumental parameters for the LiF crystal spectrometer based on experimental values have been determined and used in the data analysis. The source continuum spectra between 1 Å and 3.8 Å have been obtained for selected flares from OS0-4 spectrometer scans. As these spectra are each affected by time variations over 14 minutes, they are compared with the thermal continuum (free-free and free-bound) spectra predicted in the following manner. The instantaneous electron kinetic temperature and emission measure (equal to the product of the square of the electron number density and the total volume) of the flare plasma are determined from the available OG0-4 broad band data. The expected continuum flux is calculated by using these parameters. The comparison shows that there is good agreement between 2 Å and 3.8 Å. Thus it has been concluded that reliable values of the average electron temperature can be determined from the OG0-4 flare data. The earlier wavelength assigrunent and line identification list published by Meekins et al (1970, Solar Physics 13, 198) has been substantially improved in this work by separately summing a large number of OS0-4 spectrometer scans of the flaring and active sun. All identified wavelengths are found to agree with the more accurate theoretical valuesto within + 0.01 Å. Identifications of several weak lines as due to hydrogen-like and helium-like ions of chlorine and phosphorus have also been suggested. The temporal behaviour of selected ion line intensities (due to Fe, Ca, Si, S, Al, and Mg) indicates that they follow the expected temperature variations during the flare. The total continuum emission in the 0.5 to 3 Å and the 1 to 8 Å broad band segments has been determined from OG0-4 data for 21 flares. In doing this, a simple and approximate method of converting the total emission based on the gray body approximation (in which the OG0-4 data are reported) to one based on the thermal continuum spectrum has been developed. This study shows that the total energy lost in the 0.5 to 8 Å soft x-ray channel is of the order of 10²⁸ to 10³⁰ ergs depending on the Hα importance of the flare (from sub- to class 2); it is also shown that this energy is comparable with that emitted in higher wave length segments estimated by other authors. / Graduate

Climate change as a result of anthropogenic activities calls for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid dangerous consequences on society. However, abatement of emission is a costly process and adversely affects the economic growth. Recent proposals, therefore, suggested a different approach i.e. Geoengineering. Instead of controlling emissions, Geoengineering modifies the climate by changing global energy fluxes either by increasing the amount of outgoing infrared radiation through reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or by decreasing the amount of solar radiation falling upon the earth’s surface by increasing the albedo (reflectivity) of the atmosphere. Most popular geoengineering strategies are Air Capture (AC) and Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and many economic studies have shown large net monetary benefits with their application. But, these studies neglected the risks which can arise due to potential failure to sustain SRM after few decade of its deployment. There is a concern that application of SRM will lead to increase in concentration of carbon-dioxide in atmosphere and its abrupt turning off can lead to rise in temperature and thereby huge monetary losses. In this report, consequences of abruptly turning off of SRM have been analyzed. A modified version of DICE (Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) model that incorporates negative SRM forcing and a two phase optimization procedure has been used for the study. Different outcomes such as net change in NPV of climate damage and abatement costs, maximum mean temperature of earth surface, increase in temperature, emissions control rate, carbon taxes, etc due to abrupt ending of SRM have been analyzed. Results show that application of SRM with a risk of abrupt turnoff is still more profitable compared to not using it at all. / text

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A computationally efficient and accurate model is derived for the calculation of the atmospheric transmittance along inhomogeneous paths and within spectral bands dominated by molecular line absorption. It is a Stieltjes integration of transmission weighted by the frequency of occurrence of absorption coefficient within the band. Path inhomogeneitites are accounted for by assuming that the rank of absorption coefficient at any wavenumber is independent of temperature and pressure. The technique is then applied to the ground based radiometric determination of precipitable water. It is found that the technique predicts the behavior of the ρστ water vapor absorption band very well. An RMS disagreement of 11% is found when the model predictions are compared to radiosonde determinations of precipitable water. The model is also applied to the determination of vertical water vapor distributions in the stratosphere given measured effective optical depths as a function of tangent height from a limb scanning satellite. A new iterative reduction technique is introduced which incorporates the transmission model and it is shown to be both numerically stable and rapidly convergent. A comparison of the results with an independent reduction technique shows good overall agreement with a small systematic difference above 20 km. The uncertainty in the measurements, which yields solution uncertainties on the order of 30%, renders this systematic difference unimportant.