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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

S?ntese de solketal a partir de glicerol e seu uso como precursor na s?ntese de ?steres de solketila e monoacilglicer?deos

Santos, Ma?sa da Costa 15 December 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-06-05T18:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 maisa_costa_santos.pdf: 2334209 bytes, checksum: 9004aeaeb9cd7b271794191d109efa36 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-06-22T12:32:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 maisa_costa_santos.pdf: 2334209 bytes, checksum: 9004aeaeb9cd7b271794191d109efa36 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T12:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 maisa_costa_santos.pdf: 2334209 bytes, checksum: 9004aeaeb9cd7b271794191d109efa36 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / O presente estudo descreve a s?ntese do catalisador heterog?neo SiO2-SO3H, obtido atrav?s da imobiliza??o dos grupos sulf?nicos em SiO2, produzida a partir de uma mistura contendo ?rea de constru??o e carbonato. A imobiliza??o do -SO3H foi confirmada, atrav?s da caracteriza??o inicial da s?lica e do catalisador por IV, MEV, DRX, TGA e isotermas de adsor??o/dessor??o BET, que demonstrou haver modifica??o da estrutura da s?lica ap?s a imobiliza??o dos grupos sulf?nicos, ocasionando diminui??o da ?rea superficial espec?fica (SBET) de 507 para 115 m2 g?1, e uma diminui??o do volume dos poros 0,78 para 0,38 cm3 g-1. Inicialmente, avaliou o desempenho catal?tico da mistura SiO2-SO3H em rea??es de esterifica??o do ?cido ac?tico e do ?cido graxo (octan?ico) com o 2,2-dimetil-1,3-dioxolano-4-metanol, conhecido como ?solketal?, que possui uma cadeia carb?nica grande, al?m de ter outro grupo funcional na sua estrutura. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a efici?ncia do SiO2-SO3H para a s?ntese do acetato 2,2- dimetil-1,3-dioxolan-4-il metil, em que utilizou-se inicialmente, como reagentes, glicerol bruto, acetona e a mistura catal?tica, ap?s 2 hora de rea??o, foi adicionado no mesmo reator, o ?cido ac?tico em um processo ?one pot?, sem a pr?via extra??o e a purifica??o do solketal (reagente intermedi?rio). Pelo o mesmo procedimento, foi obtido, em excelente rendimento, o octanoato de solketila. Nesses processos reacionais n?o houvera a necessidade do uso de solvente ou aparelhos auxiliares, como clevenger ou dean-stark, para remo??o da ?gua formada durante o processo que envolve 2 rea??es (cetaliza??o e esterifica??o), sendo dessa forma resistente ao processo de lixivia??o. Diante dos excelentes resultados, partiu para rea??es de esterifica??o com outros ?cidos graxos, com at? 18 ?tomos de carbono na cadeia, tais como o ?cido linoleico e oleico. Contudo n?o foi observado a forma??o de produtos nessas rea??es. Acredita-se que esse fato esteja relacionado com a grande afinidade que o solketal apresenta pelo SiO2-SO3H, devido a sua alta polaridade, fazendo com que fique retido dentro dos poros do catalisador. Outro ponto importante foi o tamanho da cadeia carb?nica dos ?cidos graxos utilizados, visto que quanto maior o tamanho da mol?cula, maior a hidrofobicidade, isso faz com que eles sofram repuls?o do catalisador. Acredita-se que esses dois fatores contribu?ram para que n?o ocorresse a intera??o entre os reagentes e o catalisador, levando, em alguns casos, ? forma??o de ?steres de solketila com rendimentos moderados. Essa hip?tese foi comprovada, quando utilizou-se um ?lcool de cadeia carb?nica menor, como o metanol, o qual reagiu com o ?cido linoleico e oleico na presen?a da mistura catal?tica SiO2-SO3H, para produ??o de ?steres met?licos. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a s?ntese do oleato de metila e do linoleato de metila no tempo de 15 min, com rendimento em torno de 96 a 98%. Isso demonstrou que ? de fundamental import?ncia o escoamento dos reagente para os poros do catalisador. O que sugere que para garantir o sucesso das rea??es do solketal com ?cidos de cadeia carb?nica maior o escoamento desse reagentes devem ser facilitado e isso pode ser obtido atrav?s do uso de solvente. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The synthesis of the heterogeneous SiO2-SO3H, catalyst, obtained by the immobilization of the sulfonic groups in SiO2, produced from a mixture containing building and carbonate. The immobilization of -SO3H was confirmed, through the initial characterization of the silica and the catalyst by IV, SEM, XRD, TGA and adsorption / desorption isotherms, which showed that there was modification of the silica structure after the immobilization of the sulfonic groups, resulting in a decrease of the specific surface area (SBET) from 507 to 115 m2 g-1, and decreasing in volume by 0,78 to 0,38 cm3 g-1. Initially, evaluated the catalytic performance of the SiO2 -SO3H mixture in esterification reactions of acetic acid and fatty acid (octanoic acid) with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol, known as "solketal", it has a large carbon chain, plus another functional group in its structure. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of SiO2 -SO3H for the synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl methyl acetate, at where initially used as reagents, crude glycerol, acetone and the catalytic mixture, after 2 hour of reaction, was added in the same reactor, acetic acid in a "one pot", without prior extraction and purification of the solketal (intermediate reagent). By the same procedure, it was obtained, in excellent yield, solketila octanoate. In these reaction processes there was no need for the use of solvents or auxiliary devices, such as clevenger or dean-stark, for the removal of water formed during the process involving 2 reactions (ketalization and esterification), thus being resistant to the leaching process. Given the excellent results, started to esterification reactions with other fatty acids, with up to 18 carbon atoms in the chain, such as linoleic and oleic acid. However, the formation of products in these reactions was not observed. It is believed that this fact is related to the great affinity that the solketal presents by the SiO2-SO3H, due to its high polarity, causing it to be trapped within the catalyst pores. Another important point was the size of the carbonic chain of the fatty acids used, since the larger the size of the molecule, the greater the hydrophobicity, this causes them to undergo catalyst repulsion. It is believed that these two factors contributed to the lack of interaction between the reactants and the catalyst, leading in some cases to the formation of solketila esters with moderate yields. This hypothesis has been proven, used a lower carbon alcohol, such as methanol, which reacted with linoleic and oleic acid in the presence of the catalytic mixture SiO2 -SO3H, for the production of methyl esters. The results obtained demonstrate the synthesis of methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in the 15 min time, with yield around 96 to 98%. This has demonstrated that it is of fundamental importance the flow of the reactants into the pores of the catalyst. This suggests that to ensure the success of solketal reactions with higher carbonic acids the flow of these reagents should be facilitated and this can be obtained through the use of solvente.

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