In the thesis work, a code to solve the two dimensional compressible Euler equations for external flows around arbitrary geometries have been developed. A Cartesianmesh generator is incorporated to the solver. Hence the pre-processing can be performed together with the solution within a single code. The code is written in the C++ programming language and its object oriented capabilities have been exploited to save memory in the data structure developed. The Cartesian mesh is formed by dividing squares successively into its four quadrants. The main advantage of using this type of a mesh is the ability to generate meshes around geometries of arbitrary complexity quickly and to adapt the mesh easily based on the solution. The main disadvantage of this method is that the treatment of the cells that are cut by the geometry. For the solution procedure Roe&rsquo / s method as well as flux vector splitting methods are used for the flux evaluation. The flux vector splitting schemes used are van Leer, AUSM, AUSMD and AUSMV methods. Time discretization is performed using a multi-stage method. To increase the accuracy least squares reconstruction is employed. The code is validated by performing calculations around a NACA0012 airfoil profile. The effect of reconstruction is demonstrated by plotting the pressure coefficient on the airfoil. The distribution obtained using reconstruction is very close to the experimental one while there is a considerable deviation for the case without reconstruction. Also the shock capturing capabilities of different methods have been investigated. In addition the performance of each method is analyzed for flow around an NLR 7301 airfoil with a flap.

A computational approach to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of a hydrofoil or a marine propeller undergoing unsteady motion has been developed. In order to simulate heave and pitch motion of a hydrofoil, an unsteady boundary element method based modeling is performed. The wake of the hydrofoil is modeled by a continuous dipole sheet and determined in time by applying a force-free condition on its surface. An explicit vortex core model is adapted in this model to capture the rolling up shape and to avoid instability due to roll-up deformation of the wake. The numerical results of the developed model are compared with analytical results and those from the commercial Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver (ANSYS/FLUENT). The results show close level of agreement with each other. The problem of flow around a marine propeller performing surge, roll and heave motion in an unbounded fluid is formulated and solved using both a vortex-lattice method and a boundary element method. A fully unsteady wake alignment algorithm is implemented into the vortex-lattice method in order to satisfy the force-free condition on the propeller wake surface. Finally, a comparative study of transient propeller forces on a propeller blade obtained from BEM and VLM (with or without fully aligned wake) is carried out and results are presented. In some cases, results from the presented methods are compared with those from RANS or other numerical methods available in the literature. / text

Reliable assessment of static and dynamic petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs is critical for estimating hydrocarbon reserves, identifying good production zones, and planning hydro-fracturing jobs. Conventional well-log interpretation methods are adequate to estimate static petrophysical properties (i.e., porosity and water saturation) in formations consisting of thick beds. However, they are not as reliable when estimating dynamic petrophysical properties such as absolute permeability, movable hydrocarbon saturation, and saturation-dependent capillary pressure and relative permeability. Additionally, conventional well-log interpretation methods do not take into account shoulder-bed effects, radial distribution of fluid saturations due to mud-filtrate invasion, and differences in the volume of investigation of the various measurements involved in the calculations. This dissertation introduces new quantitative methods for petrophysical and compositional evaluation of water- and hydrocarbon-bearing formations based on the combined numerical simulation and nonlinear joint inversion of conventional well logs. Specific interpretation problems considered are those associated with (a) complex mineral compositions, (b) mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) shoulder-bed effects. Conventional well logs considered in the study include density, photoelectric factor (PEF), neutron porosity, gamma-ray (GR), and electrical resistivity. Depending on the application, estimations yield static petrophysical properties, dynamic petrophysical properties, and volumetric/weight concentrations of mineral constituents. Assessment of total organic carbon (TOC) is also possible in the case of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. Interpretation methods introduced in this dissertation start with the detection of bed boundaries and population of multi-layer petrophysical properties with conventional petrophysical interpretation results or core/X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. Differences between well logs and their numerical simulations are minimized to estimate final layer-by-layer formation properties. In doing so, the interpretation explicitly takes into account (a) differences in the volume of investigation of the various well logs involved, (b) the process of mud-filtrate invasion, and (c) the assumed rock-physics model. Synthetic examples verify the accuracy and reliability of the introduced interpretation methods and quantify the uncertainty of estimated properties due to noisy data and incorrect bed boundaries. Several field examples describe the successful application of the methods on (a) the assessment of residual hydrocarbon saturation in a tight-gas sand formation invaded with water-base mud (WBM) and a hydrocarbon-bearing siliciclastic formation invaded with oil-base mud (OBM), (b) estimation of dynamic petrophysical properties of water-bearing sands invaded with OBM, (c) estimation of porosity and volumetric concentrations of mineral and fluid constituents in carbonate formations, and (d) estimation of TOC, total porosity, total water saturation, and volumetric concentrations of mineral constituents in the Haynesville shale-gas formation. Comparison of results against those obtained with conventional petrophysical interpretation methods, commercial multi-mineral solvers, and core/XRD data confirm the advantages and flexibility of the new interpretation techniques introduced in this dissertation for the quantification of petrophysical and compositional properties in a variety of rock formations. / text

Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας παραμενόντων τύπων (καλούπια) από ινοπλέγματα σε ανόργανη μήτρα, ως εφελκυόμενος οπλισμός στην κατασκευή σύμμικτων πλακών. Τα ινοπλέγματα δύο διευθύνσεων ως νέα σύνθετα υλικά αποτελούν πρόκληση στον τομέα των κατασκευών και η βαθύτερη γνώση τους, εφαλτήριο στην προσπάθεια κατάκτησης νέων τεχνικών και τεχνολογιών. Για το λόγο αυτό, κατασκευάστηκαν έξι παραμένοντες τύποι από ινοπλέγματα σε ανόργανες μήτρες (IAM) πιο γνωστά στη διεθνή ορολογία με τον όρο Textile Reinforced Concrete, που στη συνέχεια σκυροδετήθηκαν σε σύμμικτα στοιχεία. Παράλληλα, δημιουργήθηκε πρόγραμμα ανάλυσης διατομής των σύμμικτων αυτών στοιχείων, με σκοπό την επαλήθευση πειραματικών και αναλυτικών τιμών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της πτυχιακής εργασίας γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στον τομέα των σύνθετων υλικών, όπου παρουσιάζονται τα ινοπλέγματα ανόργανης μήτρας, πιο γνωστά στη διεθνή ορολογία με τον όρο TRC. Αναλύονται επίσης τα χαρακτηριστικά των επιμέρους υλικών των TRC, δηλαδή τα πλέγματα ινών και το κονίαμα που τα περιβάλλει, γνωστό με τον όρο ανόργανη μήτρα. Τέλος, προβάλλονται μια πληθώρα εφαρμογών των ΙΑΜ (Ινοπλέγματα Ανόργανης Μήτρας) με χρήση φωτογραφικού υλικού. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται όλη η πορεία κατασκευής των σύμμικτων στοιχείων μέσα από σχέδια και φωτογραφικό υλικό. Στην παρούσα εργασία κατασκευάστηκαν τελικά 6 σύμμικτες πλακολωρίδες διαστάσεων 330mm x 150mm , 1 σύμμικτη πλακολωρίδα διαστάσεων 330mm x100mm και 1 σύμμικτη πλάκα διατομής 1000mm x160mm. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται η παρουσίαση της πειραματικής διάταξης στο εργαστήριο Μηχανικής και Τεχνολογίας Υλικών, για κάμψη τεσσάρων σημείων, μίας διεύθυνσης, όπου τα δοκίμια τοποθετήθηκαν στην υδραυλική πρέσα, ενώ χρήση αισθητήρων θα υπολόγιζε σχετική ολίσθηση μεταξύ τσιμεντότυπων και σκυροδέματος πλήρωσης. Τέλος εφαρμόστηκαν και αισθητήρες μεταβλητής αντίστασης για τον υπολογισμό του βέλους κάμψης των σύμμικτων στοιχείων. Ακολουθεί το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο όπου παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της ανάλυσης διατομής των σύμμικτων στοιχείων, με την εξαγωγή εξισώσεων ισορροπίας και τελικά την κατασκευή του προγράμματος CSS (=Cross Section Solver). Κατόπιν, παρουσιάζεται το CSS στον αναγνώστη, ενώ με τη χρήση γραφικού περιβάλλοντος (GUI) καθίσταται εύχρηστο στον χρήστη. Στο επόμενο και πέμπτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται η ανάλυση των σύμμικτων στοιχείων με χρήση του προγράμματος CSS, παρουσιάζονται οι καμπύλες φορτίου-μετατόπισης (βύθισης) και τέλος αναλύονται τα προκύπτοντα αποτελέσματα. Στο έκτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο γίνονται παραμετρικές αναλύσεις ξανά με χρήση του προγράμματος CSS, με σκοπό τη βαθύτερη κατανόηση για το πώς πιθανώς επηρεάζουν διάφοροι παράμετροι την συμπεριφορά των δοκιμίων. Γενικά, η νέα τεχνική χρήσης ινοπλεγμάτων σε ανόργανες μήτρες ως παραμένοντες τύποι σε σύμμικτες πλάκες είναι ιδιαίτερα αποτελεσματική, μας προσφέρει ικανοποιητικό φορτίο αστοχίας, ενώ παράλληλα εξασφαλίζει υψηλότερες ταχύτητες δόμησης άρα και οικονομικά οφέλη, ενώ δεν απαιτούνται χρόνος και εργατικό δυναμικό για τη συναρμογή των παραδοσιακών ξυλότυπων ή μεταλλότυπων. / --

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Computational electromagnetic modeling involves generating system matrices by discretizing integral equations and solving the resulting system of linear equations. Many methods of solving the system of linear equations exist and one such method is the factorization of the matrix using the so called local-global solution (LOGOS) modes. Computer codes to perform the discretization of the integral equations, filling of the matrix, and the subsequent LOGOS factorization have previously been developed by others. However, these codes are limited to complex double precision arithmetic only. This thesis extends and expands the existing computer by creating a more general implementation that is able to analyze a problem not only in complex double precision but also in real double precision and both complex and real single precision. The existing code is expanded using "templates" in Fortran 90 and the resulting generic code is used test the performance of the LOGOS (both OL- and NL-LOGOS) factorization on matrices generated by discretization of the volume integral equation. As part of this effort, we demonstrate for the first time that the LOGOS factorization provides an O(N log N) complexity solution to the volume integral equation formulation of low-frequency electromagnetic problems.

The purpose of this study was to serve as a starting point in gaining understanding and experience of simulating a typical Pool Type Research Reactor with the thermal hydraulic software code Flownex®. During the study the following evaluations of Flownex® were done: * Assessment of the simplifying assumptions and possible shortcomings built into the software. * Definition of the applicable modelling methodology and further simplifying assumptions that have to be made by the user. * Evaluation of the accuracy and compatibility with the Pool Type Research Reactor. * Comparing the results of this study with similar studies found in the open literature. For the study the IAEA MTR 10 MW benchmark reactor (IAEA, 1992a) was used. A steady state simulation using Flownex® was done on a single fuel assembly, and this was compared with a model that was developed using the software package EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The results have shown good agreement between the different packages. After this verification, a steady state simulation of the entire core was done to obtain the characteristics of the reactor operating under normal condition. Finally, transient simulations were done on various LOFAs (Loss of Flow Accidents). The results of the various LOFAs were compared with studies that were previously done on the IAEA MTR 10 MW reactor. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The purpose of this study was to serve as a starting point in gaining understanding and experience of simulating a typical Pool Type Research Reactor with the thermal hydraulic software code Flownex®. During the study the following evaluations of Flownex® were done: * Assessment of the simplifying assumptions and possible shortcomings built into the software. * Definition of the applicable modelling methodology and further simplifying assumptions that have to be made by the user. * Evaluation of the accuracy and compatibility with the Pool Type Research Reactor. * Comparing the results of this study with similar studies found in the open literature. For the study the IAEA MTR 10 MW benchmark reactor (IAEA, 1992a) was used. A steady state simulation using Flownex® was done on a single fuel assembly, and this was compared with a model that was developed using the software package EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The results have shown good agreement between the different packages. After this verification, a steady state simulation of the entire core was done to obtain the characteristics of the reactor operating under normal condition. Finally, transient simulations were done on various LOFAs (Loss of Flow Accidents). The results of the various LOFAs were compared with studies that were previously done on the IAEA MTR 10 MW reactor. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The purpose of this thesis is to implement Finite Volume Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (FV-WENO) scheme to solution of one and two-dimensional discretised Euler equations with different flux algorithms. The effects of the different fluxes on the solution have been tested and discussed. Beside, the effect of the grid on these fluxes has been investigated. Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) schemes are high order accurate schemes designed for problems with piecewise smooth solutions that involve discontinuities. WENO schemes have been successfully used in applications, especially for problems containing both shocks and complicated smooth solution structures. Fluxes are used as building blocks in FV-WENO scheme. The efficiency of the scheme is dependent on the fluxes used in scheme The applications tested in this thesis are the 1-D Shock Tube Problem, Double Mach Reflection, Supersonic Channel Flow, and supersonic Staggered Wedge Cascade. The numerical solutions for 1-D Shock Tube Problem and the supersonic channel flow are compared with the analytical solutions. The results for the Double Mach Reflection and the supersonic staggered cascade are compared with results from literature.

Computer simulations have emerged as a cost efficient complement to laboratory experiments, as computers have become increasingly powerful. The aim of the present work is to explore the ideas of some state of the art software development practices, and ways in which these can be useful for developing high performance research codes. The introduction of these practices, and the modular designs that they give rise to, raises issues regarding a potential conflict between runtime efficiency on one hand and development efficiency on the other. Flexible software modules, based on mathematical abstractions, will provide support for convenient implementation and modification of numerical operators. Questions still remain about whether such modules will provide the efficiency which is required for high performance applications. To answer these questions, investigations were performed within two different problem domains. The first domain consisted of modular frameworks for the numerical solution of Partial Differential Equations. Such frameworks proved a suitable setting, since several of my research questions revolved around the issue of modularity. The second problem domain was that of symmetry exploiting algorithms. These algorithms are based on group theory, and make ample use of mathematical abstractions from that field. The domain of symmetry exploiting algorithms gave us opportunities to investigate difficulties in combining modularity based on high level abstractions with low level optimizations using data layout and parallelization. In conclusion, my investigation of software development practices for the area of high performance computing has proved very fruitful indeed. I have found that none of the concerns that were raised should lead us to refrain from the use of the practices that I have considered. On the contrary, in the two case studies presented here, these practices lead to designs that perform well in terms of usability as well as runtime efficiency.