China's Songhua River water pollution incident in question, by the world's attention, let the public know the problem of water pollution in China has severe course. Looking at the causes of water pollution in China may be economic development and the relationship between the two central terms. Brought about by rapid economic development of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural pollution makes water pollution from urban expansion in China to rural areas. In addition the central government and local governments in environmental protection and economic aspects had many differences that have made the central environmental protection policies are not correctly implemented at the local, for water pollution control is full of challenges. Therefore, this paper describes in detail the causes of China's water pollution problems and water resources are unevenly distributed in the central and local relations to be discussed by the conflicts, and then from the Songhua incident, China's environmental system, resulting in the evolution and development.