Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1925. / Cover title. "Reprinted from American journal of botany, vol. XVI, no. 7 ... July, 1929." Includes bibliographical references (p. 541).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-47).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-108).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1949. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-115).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Entomology, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 9, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-160). Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1945. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-90).

Simazine and dalapon have been used to control weeds in many crops during the last few years, but in 1963, when this study was begun, their uses in fruit orchards were limited. To study the effects of simazine and dalapon both on the control of weeds and on various metabolic changes in apple (Malis pumila), Montmorency sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), sweet cherry (Prunus avium), and Prunus mahaleb root s tock, experiment s were conducted from 1964 through 1966 in both the field and in the greenhouse. The application of a low do sage of simazine (4 lb/A) to soil around twelve-year-old Montmorency sour cherry trees in the field resulted in 60 to 70 percent weed control, while tree growth, chlorophyll content of the leaves, fruit y i e ld, and fruit quality were enhanced. Simazine applied at the higher dosages (8 and 12 lb/A) gave very good weed control (up to 100 percent) but reduced tree growth, chlorophyll content, and fruit yield and quality. In the greenhouse , the application of simazine at all three levels caused severe damage to R· mahal eb and sweet cherry trees and hence reduced the water uptake , but young apple trees treated with simazine showed no visible damage , although water uptake was reduced. In young sour cherry trees treated with 4 lb/A simazine, slight chlorophyll increase s we re observed , while at the higher dosages , decreases were observed. Simazine applied to the soil surface was absorbed readily by all trees. It accumulated in large amounts in the l eaves compared with the other parts of these plants. Sour cherry trees accumulated more simazine than apple trees. Results from both field and greenhouse trial sindicate that apple trees were comparatively resistant, and sweet cherry and ~ · mahaleb trees were very sensitive. Enzyme analys i s indicated that simazine caused an increase in the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in all trees. The activity of catalase and cytochrome oxidase was decreased in f. mahaleb, sweet cherry , and sour cherry trees, but apple trees showed an increase in both catalase and cytochrome oxidase activity. Compared to the other trees , the most tolerant , untreated trees (apple) had relatively high peroxidase and low polyphenol oxidase activity, with moderate catalase and cytochrome oxidase activity . The moderately resistant species ( sour cherry) had moderate peroxidase, catalase, and cytochrome oxidase activity but very low polyphenol oxidase activity , while the sensitive trees (~ . mahaleb and sweet cherry) showed a wide range of enzyme activities . ~ · mahaleb leaves had low peroxidase and catalase activities and high polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities, but sweet cherry leaves had moderate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase , high catalase, and l ow cytochrome oxidase activities. The movement of simazine in the soil was s low. Regardless of applied amounts, most of the herbicide stayed in the top 0-6 inches of soil after surface application, but movement in t he soil increased as the rate of application increased. The post-emergence application of dalapon to a Montmorency sour cherry orchard reduced weed growth in general, but complete weed control was not observed. Tree growth, chlorophyll content of the l eaves, fruit yield, and fruit quality of dalapon-treated Montmorency sour cherry trees were reduced compared with the untreated control. These reductions became greater as t he dalapon dosage increased .

The main objective of the study was to encapsulate the phenolic compounds from sour cherry pulp in micro size, to investigate the physicochemical properties of capsules and their digestability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The effect of different coating materials, ultrasonication time and core to coating ratio on encapsulation of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace was investigated. Maltodextrin and gum Arabic were chosen as coating materials. Coating material was prepared with different maltodextrin:gum Arabic (MD:GA) ratios of 10:0, 8:2, 6:4 to make the total solid content 10%. In addition, two different core to coating ratios of 1:10 and 1:20 were used. Emulsions were prepared by homogenization through ultrasonication at 160 W power and 20 KHz frequency for different time periods (5-30 min). Then, the emulsions were freeze dried for 48 hours to obtain the microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, surface morphology, particle size, color, digestability and glass transition temperatures of the microcapsules were determined. The microcapsules with a core to coating ratio of 1:20 were found to have higher encapsulation efficiencies (78.80-92.26%) than those with a core to coating ratio of 1:10 (69.38-77.83%). Increasing the gum Arabic ratio in the coating material increased encapsulation efficiency. Optimum conditions for encapsulation with the highest efficiency and the lowest particle size were sonication time of 22.5 min, MD:GA ratio of 8:2 and core to coating ratio of 1:20. Encapsulation was effective in preventing the release of the phenolic compounds in gastric fluid. On the other hand, phenolic compounds were released from the capsules into the intestinal fluid.

The objective of this study was to compare microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction methods for the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from tomato and sour cherry pomace. Antiradical efficiency (AE) of the extracts and also the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined. In MAE, the effects of microwave power (400 and 700 W), solvent type (water, ethanol and ethanol-water mixture at 1:1 v/v), extraction time (8-20 min) and solvent to solid ratio (10, 20 and 30 ml/g) were studied to observe the change of TPC and AE of the extracts. Conventional extraction was conducted for 6 h using different solvent to solid ratios (10, 20 and 30 ml/g) and solvent types (water, ethanol and ethanol-water mixture at 1:1 v/v). When the power increased from 400 W to 700 W, TPC and AE values increased. In MAE, maximum TPC and AE values were obtained at a solvent to solid ratio of 20 ml/g. The highest TPC and AE values were obtained when the ethanol-water mixture was used for both MAE and conventional extraction. The highest TPC and AE of tomato pomace extracts was determined as 3.76 mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g sample and 4.84 mg 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH/g sample, respectively in MAE using power level of 700 W, ethanol-water mixture, solvent to solid ratio of 20 ml/g and extraction time of 14 min. The major phenolic acids detected in tomato pomace extract were gentisic acid and vannilic acid. For sour cherry pomace extracts, the highest TPC and AE was found as 14.14 mg GAE/g sample and 28.32 mg DPPH/g sample, respectively in MAE using power level of 700 W, solvent to solid ratio of 20 ml/g, ethanol-water mixture and extraction time of 12 min. Epicatechin was found to be the major phenolic acid in sour cherry pomace. There was no significant difference in different extraction methods in terms of TPC. On the other hand, AE value and concentration of major phenolic acids of tomato and sour cherry pomace increased when MAE was used.

The primary objective of this study was to obtain nano-emulsion containing polyphenolic compounds extracted from sour cherry pomace and to investigate the effect of degritting of polyphenolic concentrates on the encapsulation efficiency and particle size distribution of capsules and emulsions. It was also aimed to study storage and baking stability of the capsules. Extracted polyphenolic concentrate was degritted at 10,000 rpm for 2 min. Purification reduced Sauter mean diameter (D[32]) of concentrated extract from 5.76 &mu / m to 0.41 &mu / m. Unpurified and purified concentrates were freeze dried for 48 h to obtain extracted phenolic powder (EPP) and purified extracted phenolic powder (PEPP), respectively. Powders were entrapped in two types of coating materials which contain 10% maltodextrin (MD) or 8% MD-2% gum arabic (GA). Samples were prepared by ultrasonication (160 W, 50% pulse) for 20 min. Emulsions containing EPP had D[32] of 1.65 and 1.61 &mu / m when they were entrapped in 10% MD and 8% MD-2% GA coating material solutions, respectively. It was possible to obtain nano-emulsions when purification step was performed. Emulsions prepared with PEPP and coated with 10% MD and 8% MD-2% GA had D[32] of 0.396 and 0.334 &mu / m, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency of the capsules increased significantly from 86.07-88.45% to 98.01-98.29% by means of degritting (p&le / 0.001). Loss of total phenolic content during storage at 43% and 85% relative humidities was smaller for encapsulated powders when compared to powders not entrapped in coating material. In addition, encapsulation significantly increased retention of phenolic compounds from 15.1-22.2% to 30.4-30.7% during baking (p&le / 0.05).