The Oligocene-Miocene Maikop Series in the South Caspian and Kura Basins is the key petroleum source rock for both offshore and onshore petroleum development in Azerbaijan. The Maikop is a thick (up to 3 km) succession of silty mudstones containing up to 15% total organic carbon (TOC), but is greatly lacking diagnostic microfaunal assemblages useful for dating and stratigraphically constraining the deposition of the mudstone. Current stratigraphic constraints relying on microfaunal assemblages, radiostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy are robust, but key information is still missing. This study adds numerical age data to Maikop stratigraphy through Re-Os geochronology. Of five sample suites analyzed from the Kura Basin of eastern Azerbaijan, one Re-Os data set produced significant range in 187Re/188Os vs 187Os/188Os space to yield an isochron of 17.2± 3.2 Ma. Other sample suites yield imprecise Re-Os age constraints as a result of variable initial 187Os/188Os values and limited range in 187Re/188Os vs 187Os/188Os space. The initial 187Os/188Os values of these data sets were compared with the known 187Os/188Os of seawater values for the past 70 million years to provide the best qualitative age constraints. Pre-Maikopian strata studied at Perikeshkul was found to coincide in 187Os/188Os values with the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) Os excursion, indicating deposition initiation of Maikopian strata following the EOT. Preservation of organic matter in intervals with initial 187Os/188Os values that deviate significantly from global 187Os/188Os values indicate basin restriction and the development of anoxia. High Os abundances, enrichment in detrital elements Al, Ti, Ga, Sc, and La, and changing basin circulation during the deposition of Maikop strata at 17.2 Ma may indicate the initial episodic uplift of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, changes in sediment provenance, or changing proximity to sediment source.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Matthew W. Totten / Shales are generally regarded as organic rich source and seal rocks that are unworthy of the amount of research that has been given to their coarser-grained counterparts, even though shales comprise nearly two-thirds of Earth’s sedimentary record (Potter et al., 1980). The Woodford Shale is acknowledged as a prolific source rock across much of Oklahoma and the midcontinent (Lambert, 1990). Up to 8% world's original hydrocarbon reserves are estimated to have been sourced by the Woodford and its equivalents (Fritz et al., 1991). Study of the heavy-mineral fraction in sedimentary rocks is important because it can indicate provenance and some of the diagenetic changes that occur in sedimentary rocks. This goal of this study is to describe the heavy-mineral fraction of eight Woodford Shale samples from the Greater Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma, and determine whether or not the constituents that make up the heavy-mineral fraction have any impact on the process of thermal maturity within source rocks. This study utilizes a method designed to efficiently separate the heavy-mineral fraction of shale samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) are used in this study to identify mineralogy, grain size, composition and shape. Mineral distributions in the samples have been determined from point counting. The weight percent of the heavy mineral fraction was calculated for each of the samples. This was then compared to their location within the basin, depth, vitrinite reflectance and total organic carbon (TOC). We found that as the thermal maturity increase, the weight percent of heavy minerals also increases. Pyrite (FeS₂) was the most abundant heavy mineral found in the Woodford samples used in this study. From analyzing the different forms of pyrite, it was found that as thermal maturity increases, framboidal pyrite alters to euhedral pyrite.

A jazida do granito Madeira, associada à fácies albita granito, é um depósito de classe mundial com minério disseminado de Sn, Nb, Ta e F (Y, ETR, Li, U, Th) e, em sua parte central, contém um depósito de criolita maciça com 10 Mt (teor de 38% de Na3AlF6). O objetivo do trabalho foi compreender que contexto geológico permitiu a formação desta associação rocha-minério única no mundo. Para tanto, foram efetuados estudos isotópicos (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr e Pb-Pb) e estudos tectônicos, enfocando o granito Madeira, seus correlatos e as rochas regionais. Durante uma primeira fase extensional, formaram-se as rochas vulcânicas do Grupo Iricoumé (1.890 a 1881 Ma), constituindo um complexo de caldeiras, e os corpos graníticos associados da Suíte Intrusiva Mapuera, ambos gerados a partir de fontes mantélicas. Concomitantemente aos estágios finais do vulcanismo iniciou-se a sedimentação na bacia Urupi (possivelmente um rift), acompanhada por um segundo pico de vulcanismo há 1.825 Ma. Fluidos mantélicos migraram para a zona afetada pela extensão regional, ascenderam acompanhando as isotermas e iniciaram a fenitização da crosta. Na continuidade deste processo, durante uma segunda fase extensional, rochas até refratárias tornaram-se fusíveis e originaram 5 magmas diferentes, todos com assinatura de fonte crustal e mantélica, que se posicionaram, entre 1.839 e 1.824 Ma, em estruturas geradas na fase anterior, formando os 3 corpos graníticos da Suíte Madeira. Numa terceira fase tectônica, desta feita transtensiva, fluidos mantélicos, possivelmente de natureza carbonatítica, fenitizaram rochas de nível crustal mais alto, enriquecidas em Sn, e nelas introduziram F, Nb, Y, ETR, U e Th em concentrações anômalas. Da fusão destas rochas resultou o magma do albita granito que se alojou, há 1.822 Ma, dentro do granito Madeira, mas com uma orientação N-S discordante da orientação geral NE-SW do granito Madeira e da estrutura que o aloja. / The deposit of the Madeira granite, associated with albite granite facies is a world-class deposit with disseminated ore of Sn, Nb, Ta and F (Y, REE, Li, U, Th), and its central part contains a deposit of massive cryolite with 10 Mtons (containing 38% of Na3AlF6). The objective was to understand the geological context to the formation of ore-rock association unique in the world. Therefore isotopic studies were performed (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb) and tectonic studies focusing on the Madeira granite, its related and regional rocks. During a first extensional phase volcanic rocks of the Iricoumé Group (1890 to 1881 Ma) was originated forming a caldera complex and granitic bodies associated with Mapuera Intrusive Suite, both generated from mantle sources. At the same time the final stages of volcanism began the sedimentation in Urupi basin (possibly a rift), followed by a second peak of volcanism in 1825 Ma ago. Mantle fluids migrated to the area affected by regional extension rose following the isotherms and started the fenitization crust. Continuing this process in a second extensional phase , rocks become refractory and fuses originating 5 different magmas, all with crustal signature and mantle source, which is positioned between 1839 and 1824 Ma, in structures generated in previous phase, forming 3 granitic bodies of Madeira suite . In a third tectonic phase,, this time transtensive, mantle fluid, possibly of a carbonatitic fenitizated rocks from higher crustal level , enriched in Sn, and introduced F, Nb, Y, REE , U and Th in anomalous concentrations. The fusion of these rocks resulted in the albite granite magma that has positioned, there in 1822 Ma, within the Madeira granite, but with a NS orientation ,discordant of the general NE-SW of Madeira granite and the structure that it was contained.

A jazida do granito Madeira, associada à fácies albita granito, é um depósito de classe mundial com minério disseminado de Sn, Nb, Ta e F (Y, ETR, Li, U, Th) e, em sua parte central, contém um depósito de criolita maciça com 10 Mt (teor de 38% de Na3AlF6). O objetivo do trabalho foi compreender que contexto geológico permitiu a formação desta associação rocha-minério única no mundo. Para tanto, foram efetuados estudos isotópicos (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr e Pb-Pb) e estudos tectônicos, enfocando o granito Madeira, seus correlatos e as rochas regionais. Durante uma primeira fase extensional, formaram-se as rochas vulcânicas do Grupo Iricoumé (1.890 a 1881 Ma), constituindo um complexo de caldeiras, e os corpos graníticos associados da Suíte Intrusiva Mapuera, ambos gerados a partir de fontes mantélicas. Concomitantemente aos estágios finais do vulcanismo iniciou-se a sedimentação na bacia Urupi (possivelmente um rift), acompanhada por um segundo pico de vulcanismo há 1.825 Ma. Fluidos mantélicos migraram para a zona afetada pela extensão regional, ascenderam acompanhando as isotermas e iniciaram a fenitização da crosta. Na continuidade deste processo, durante uma segunda fase extensional, rochas até refratárias tornaram-se fusíveis e originaram 5 magmas diferentes, todos com assinatura de fonte crustal e mantélica, que se posicionaram, entre 1.839 e 1.824 Ma, em estruturas geradas na fase anterior, formando os 3 corpos graníticos da Suíte Madeira. Numa terceira fase tectônica, desta feita transtensiva, fluidos mantélicos, possivelmente de natureza carbonatítica, fenitizaram rochas de nível crustal mais alto, enriquecidas em Sn, e nelas introduziram F, Nb, Y, ETR, U e Th em concentrações anômalas. Da fusão destas rochas resultou o magma do albita granito que se alojou, há 1.822 Ma, dentro do granito Madeira, mas com uma orientação N-S discordante da orientação geral NE-SW do granito Madeira e da estrutura que o aloja. / The deposit of the Madeira granite, associated with albite granite facies is a world-class deposit with disseminated ore of Sn, Nb, Ta and F (Y, REE, Li, U, Th), and its central part contains a deposit of massive cryolite with 10 Mtons (containing 38% of Na3AlF6). The objective was to understand the geological context to the formation of ore-rock association unique in the world. Therefore isotopic studies were performed (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb) and tectonic studies focusing on the Madeira granite, its related and regional rocks. During a first extensional phase volcanic rocks of the Iricoumé Group (1890 to 1881 Ma) was originated forming a caldera complex and granitic bodies associated with Mapuera Intrusive Suite, both generated from mantle sources. At the same time the final stages of volcanism began the sedimentation in Urupi basin (possibly a rift), followed by a second peak of volcanism in 1825 Ma ago. Mantle fluids migrated to the area affected by regional extension rose following the isotherms and started the fenitization crust. Continuing this process in a second extensional phase , rocks become refractory and fuses originating 5 different magmas, all with crustal signature and mantle source, which is positioned between 1839 and 1824 Ma, in structures generated in previous phase, forming 3 granitic bodies of Madeira suite . In a third tectonic phase,, this time transtensive, mantle fluid, possibly of a carbonatitic fenitizated rocks from higher crustal level , enriched in Sn, and introduced F, Nb, Y, REE , U and Th in anomalous concentrations. The fusion of these rocks resulted in the albite granite magma that has positioned, there in 1822 Ma, within the Madeira granite, but with a NS orientation ,discordant of the general NE-SW of Madeira granite and the structure that it was contained.

A jazida do granito Madeira, associada à fácies albita granito, é um depósito de classe mundial com minério disseminado de Sn, Nb, Ta e F (Y, ETR, Li, U, Th) e, em sua parte central, contém um depósito de criolita maciça com 10 Mt (teor de 38% de Na3AlF6). O objetivo do trabalho foi compreender que contexto geológico permitiu a formação desta associação rocha-minério única no mundo. Para tanto, foram efetuados estudos isotópicos (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr e Pb-Pb) e estudos tectônicos, enfocando o granito Madeira, seus correlatos e as rochas regionais. Durante uma primeira fase extensional, formaram-se as rochas vulcânicas do Grupo Iricoumé (1.890 a 1881 Ma), constituindo um complexo de caldeiras, e os corpos graníticos associados da Suíte Intrusiva Mapuera, ambos gerados a partir de fontes mantélicas. Concomitantemente aos estágios finais do vulcanismo iniciou-se a sedimentação na bacia Urupi (possivelmente um rift), acompanhada por um segundo pico de vulcanismo há 1.825 Ma. Fluidos mantélicos migraram para a zona afetada pela extensão regional, ascenderam acompanhando as isotermas e iniciaram a fenitização da crosta. Na continuidade deste processo, durante uma segunda fase extensional, rochas até refratárias tornaram-se fusíveis e originaram 5 magmas diferentes, todos com assinatura de fonte crustal e mantélica, que se posicionaram, entre 1.839 e 1.824 Ma, em estruturas geradas na fase anterior, formando os 3 corpos graníticos da Suíte Madeira. Numa terceira fase tectônica, desta feita transtensiva, fluidos mantélicos, possivelmente de natureza carbonatítica, fenitizaram rochas de nível crustal mais alto, enriquecidas em Sn, e nelas introduziram F, Nb, Y, ETR, U e Th em concentrações anômalas. Da fusão destas rochas resultou o magma do albita granito que se alojou, há 1.822 Ma, dentro do granito Madeira, mas com uma orientação N-S discordante da orientação geral NE-SW do granito Madeira e da estrutura que o aloja. / The deposit of the Madeira granite, associated with albite granite facies is a world-class deposit with disseminated ore of Sn, Nb, Ta and F (Y, REE, Li, U, Th), and its central part contains a deposit of massive cryolite with 10 Mtons (containing 38% of Na3AlF6). The objective was to understand the geological context to the formation of ore-rock association unique in the world. Therefore isotopic studies were performed (Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb) and tectonic studies focusing on the Madeira granite, its related and regional rocks. During a first extensional phase volcanic rocks of the Iricoumé Group (1890 to 1881 Ma) was originated forming a caldera complex and granitic bodies associated with Mapuera Intrusive Suite, both generated from mantle sources. At the same time the final stages of volcanism began the sedimentation in Urupi basin (possibly a rift), followed by a second peak of volcanism in 1825 Ma ago. Mantle fluids migrated to the area affected by regional extension rose following the isotherms and started the fenitization crust. Continuing this process in a second extensional phase , rocks become refractory and fuses originating 5 different magmas, all with crustal signature and mantle source, which is positioned between 1839 and 1824 Ma, in structures generated in previous phase, forming 3 granitic bodies of Madeira suite . In a third tectonic phase,, this time transtensive, mantle fluid, possibly of a carbonatitic fenitizated rocks from higher crustal level , enriched in Sn, and introduced F, Nb, Y, REE , U and Th in anomalous concentrations. The fusion of these rocks resulted in the albite granite magma that has positioned, there in 1822 Ma, within the Madeira granite, but with a NS orientation ,discordant of the general NE-SW of Madeira granite and the structure that it was contained.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Taranaki Basin is a large (ca. 330,000 km²) sedimentary basin found along the west coast of the northern island of New Zealand. The basin lies partly onshore but mostly offshore below the broad continental shelf to the west of central North Island. The Taranaki Basin is the first sedimentary basin to be explored in New Zealand and is currently New Zealand’s only hydrocarbon producing basin, with approximately 418 million barrels (MMbbl) of oil and 6190 billion cubic feet (bcf) of gas produced by the end of 2011. Most of New Zealand’s known oil and gas accumulations are geochemically typed to coaly facies of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene ages. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the source rock quality of the organic rich intervals of the Taranaki Basin, namely, the Wainui Member of the North Cape Formation and the Rakopi Formation. The Rakopi Formation comprises terrestrially deposited coal measures, while the North Cape Formation is generally composed of marine rocks. These Formations make up the Pakawau Group. The objective will be achieved using two key methods. Firstly, the derivation of TOC logs using Passey’s log overlay method (Passey et al., 1990) and secondly, the generation of source rock quality maps (i.e. source rock richness mapping and source potential index mapping). This will integrate concepts relating to petrophysical wireline logs, seismic interpretation, core log information, geochemical analysis, depth mapping and isopach mapping. The results obtained from this study confirms the petroleum potential of the organic rich intervals of the Taranaki Basin. Using Passey’s method it was shown that excellent average percent TOC values are encountered for both the Wainui Member of the North Cape Formation and the Rakopi Formation. From source potential index mapping, it can be concluded that the Rakopi formation has a high source potential index (>1000SPI) on the continental shelf, which indicates that it has excellent potential for petroleum generation. The Wainui Member however, shows less potential for petroleum generation on the shelf, this being attributed to generally low net thicknesses on the shelf.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo aborda a caracterização quimioestratigráfica da Formação Irati (Permiano da Bacia doParaná), bem como a avaliçãodo potencial gerador. Foi realizada coleta sistemática de amostras de testemunho do poço SC-20-RS, para as quais foram realizadas análisesdos teores de COT, S e RI,Pirólise Rock-Eval e de Biomarcadores. Com base nesses dados,nove intervalos quimioestratigráficos (designados de A-I a partir da base) foram definidos nos 57,7 metros de espessura.Com base nos dados de biomarcadores obtidos pela cromatografia liquida e gasosa foi possível fazer um estudo mais detalhado da variação ambiental e input da matéria orgânica, e identificar como foi o ambiente deposicionaldo intervalo de maior potencial gerador da Bacia do Paraná. O Membro Assistência, desta formação, caracterizado por ter sido depositado em ambiente restrito, possui o intervalo mais promissor (Intervalo E), que compreende uma seção de cerca de 5 metros de espessura, nota-se que há uma maior preservação da matéria orgânica rica em hidrogênio(Tipo II) e aumento do COT% quando, o ambiente torna-se menos restrito, e a salinidade do ambiente diminui o que também foi identificado através dos biomarcadores. A Formação Irati constitui a fonte de folhelhos betuminosos utilizados pela Petrobrás para a obtenção industrial de óleo, gás, enxofre e subprodutos derivados a partir do processo de industrialização dessas rochas. É também uma das principais geradoras dos indícios de petróleo encontrados na Bacia do Paraná. Assim, a obtenção de dados que possam agregar conhecimentos sobre esta formação será sempre de extrema importância / This study deals with the chemostratigraphic characterization of the Irati Fm. (Permian Paraná Basin), as well as with the assessment of its oil generating potential. A systematic acquisition of core samples was done from well SC-20-RS, on which analyses were performed for TOC, S, RI, Rock Eval Pyrolysis and Biomarkers. Based on this information, nine chemostratigraphic intervals (designated A - I from the base) were defined in the 57.7 meter thickness. With the biomarker based data obtained by liquid and gas chromatography it was possible to make a more detailed study of environmental variations and organic matter input, and to identify the depositional environment of the interval with the greatest oil generating potential in the well studied. The Member Assistance, characterized as having been deposited in a restricted environment, has the most promising interval (Interval E), which includes a section about 5 meters thick. It was observed that there is a greater preservation of hydrogen-rich organic matter(Type II) and increased TOC% when the environment becomes less restricted, and the salinity of the environment decreases, conditions which were also identified through biomarkers. The Irati Fm. is the source of bituminous shales used by Petrobras to obtain industrial oil, gas, and sulfur byproducts derived from the process of industrialization of these rocks. It is also a major generator of signs of oil found in the Paraná Basin, thus it is always of utmost importance to obtain data that may add to the knowledge about this formation

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo aborda a caracterização quimioestratigráfica da Formação Irati (Permiano da Bacia doParaná), bem como a avaliçãodo potencial gerador. Foi realizada coleta sistemática de amostras de testemunho do poço SC-20-RS, para as quais foram realizadas análisesdos teores de COT, S e RI,Pirólise Rock-Eval e de Biomarcadores. Com base nesses dados,nove intervalos quimioestratigráficos (designados de A-I a partir da base) foram definidos nos 57,7 metros de espessura.Com base nos dados de biomarcadores obtidos pela cromatografia liquida e gasosa foi possível fazer um estudo mais detalhado da variação ambiental e input da matéria orgânica, e identificar como foi o ambiente deposicionaldo intervalo de maior potencial gerador da Bacia do Paraná. O Membro Assistência, desta formação, caracterizado por ter sido depositado em ambiente restrito, possui o intervalo mais promissor (Intervalo E), que compreende uma seção de cerca de 5 metros de espessura, nota-se que há uma maior preservação da matéria orgânica rica em hidrogênio(Tipo II) e aumento do COT% quando, o ambiente torna-se menos restrito, e a salinidade do ambiente diminui o que também foi identificado através dos biomarcadores. A Formação Irati constitui a fonte de folhelhos betuminosos utilizados pela Petrobrás para a obtenção industrial de óleo, gás, enxofre e subprodutos derivados a partir do processo de industrialização dessas rochas. É também uma das principais geradoras dos indícios de petróleo encontrados na Bacia do Paraná. Assim, a obtenção de dados que possam agregar conhecimentos sobre esta formação será sempre de extrema importância / This study deals with the chemostratigraphic characterization of the Irati Fm. (Permian Paraná Basin), as well as with the assessment of its oil generating potential. A systematic acquisition of core samples was done from well SC-20-RS, on which analyses were performed for TOC, S, RI, Rock Eval Pyrolysis and Biomarkers. Based on this information, nine chemostratigraphic intervals (designated A - I from the base) were defined in the 57.7 meter thickness. With the biomarker based data obtained by liquid and gas chromatography it was possible to make a more detailed study of environmental variations and organic matter input, and to identify the depositional environment of the interval with the greatest oil generating potential in the well studied. The Member Assistance, characterized as having been deposited in a restricted environment, has the most promising interval (Interval E), which includes a section about 5 meters thick. It was observed that there is a greater preservation of hydrogen-rich organic matter(Type II) and increased TOC% when the environment becomes less restricted, and the salinity of the environment decreases, conditions which were also identified through biomarkers. The Irati Fm. is the source of bituminous shales used by Petrobras to obtain industrial oil, gas, and sulfur byproducts derived from the process of industrialization of these rocks. It is also a major generator of signs of oil found in the Paraná Basin, thus it is always of utmost importance to obtain data that may add to the knowledge about this formation

Dans cette thèse, les changements de propriétés mécaniques des argiles riches en matière organique sont étudiés afin d'en déduire si leur enfouissement peut déclencher l'écaillage tectonique. Ce travail multidisciplinaire s'organise selon trois axes : une étude de terrain, une étude en laboratoire et une étude de modélisation numérique. L'étude de coupes géologiques équilibrées à travers les chaînes plissées Méditérranéennes montre l'importance de l'interprétation mécanique pour les thématiques de restaurations et pour valider les scénarios d'évolution structurale. Sur les Posidonia Schist Albanais, une caractérisation en laboratoire et à haute résolution de la formation roche-mère permet d'observer l'évolution verticale des paramètres minéralogiques, géochimiques et mécaniques qui contrôle le comportement rhéologique des roches-mères. En utilisant les modèles de bassin TEMISFlow, j'analyse les conditions pour créer des surpressions au sein d'un niveau de décollement roche-mère localisé sous un chevauchement. Au travers de modélisations géo-mécaniques FLAMAR, j'étudie les conditions mécaniques nécessaires pour développer des géométries de plis idéales au sein d'une stratigraphie mécanique. Une hiérarchisation des paramètres qui permettent d'activer un décollement au sein d'une roche-mère intégrée dans une stratigraphie mécanique est proposée. Au travers d'une analyse couplant ces deux aspects géo-mécanique et hydro-mécanique, ce travail est une contribution à la recherche d'une loi de comportement rhéologique permettant de prendre en compte l'adoucissement mécanique thermo-dépendant des argiles et des roches-mères dans les modélisations géo-mécaniques. / In this thesis, changes in the mechanical properties of organic-rich shales, when they mature, are studied in order to deduce if burial may mechanically activate tectonic imbrication and control the folding style. This multidisciplinary work is organized according to three axes: a field study, a laboratory study and a thermo-mechanical modeling study. In the first part, the study balanced geological cross-sections through the Mediterranean fold-and-thrust belts shows the importance of the mechanical interpretation for structural restorations and to validate structural evolution scenarios. The Albanian Posidonia Schist laboratory characterization allows discussing the vertical evolution of mineralogical, geochemical and mechanical parameters in a source-rock formation that control the rheological behavior of source rocks. Both geological cases serve as input data for modeling designed to simulate the evolution of a source rock during its burial. Two aspects are examined: Using TEMISFlow Arctem basin models, I analyze the conditions necessary to create overpressure in a source-rock detachment located in the footwall of a thrust. Through geo-mechanical modeling, I study the mechanical conditions necessary to develop ideal fold geometries within a mechanical stratigraphy. A hierarchy of parameters to activate a detachment within source rocks embedded in a mechanical stratigraphy is thus proposed. Through an analysis of the coupling between these two aspects, geo-mechanical and hydro-mechanical, this thesis is a contribution to the search of a rheological law that takes into account the thermo-dependent softening of shale and source rocks in geo-mechanical modeling.

No description available.