Thesis (DTech. degree in Crop Sciences) -- Tshwane University of Technology, 2011. / The genus Psoralea (tribe Psoraleae, family Leguminosae) is indigenous to the Cape Fynbos of South Africa and consists of 50 species that occupy different habitats, ranging from well-drained upland soils to creeks and permanent wetlands. However, little is known about their symbiosis, associated microsymbionts and or adaptation to the nutrient-poor, sandy, acidic soils of the Cape Fynbos. This study is the first to report the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the outer cortex of P. pinnata and the occurrence of alkali and rare earth elements such as Sr, Rb, Zr and Y in tissue components of N2-fixing nodules (with unknown roles/functions).

In this research paper a database of accommodation establishments was compiled, and certain supply and demand aspects of the tourism industry in the George / Wilderness area were measured with a view to determine whether planning by the private sector and local authorities could benefit therefrom. Attention was given to the peculiar nature of tourism demand and tourism supply and how selected components thereof could be measured. The research methodology followed included: a literature survey to facilitate an understanding of the nature of tourism supply and tourism demand; the construction of a database of accommodation establishments in order to identify all participants in the George / Wilderness tourism industry; a telephone survey to determine the supply of bed nights in the area; and a questionnaire survey to determine the demand by tourists for bed nights in the area. The following recommendations and conclusions were made: The database compiled during this study should be kept up to date and be expanded to include visitor profiles such as country of origin, length of stay, and primary reason for travel in order that private and public sector concerns may draw statistics / data to be used in the planning and / or marketing of the tourism industry to tourists. Greater co-operation and co-ordination between private and public sectors of the tourism industry are needed to obtain data concerning the tourism market required for planning purposes as well as a concerted marketing effort. Failing this, legislation should be introduced, compelling accommodation establishments to make available supply and demand data to the regional services council for statistical purposes. The study should be extended to cover the entire Southern Cape region in order to obtain statistics applicable to the region as a whole. This will then facilitate both local and regional planning as well as a coordinated marketing effort.

Bibliography: pages 258-271. / The history of long distance immigrant communities, particularly those with few or no written documentary records, is often cited as an obvious example for oral historical enquiry. Such groupings would be represented by the Greek, Portuguese and Jewish as well as the Italian population in South Africa, and by similar settler communities in Great Britain and the USA. The advantages of an orally-derived community history is surely shown by the potential richness of information found in interviews where people's history is offered in their own words, in which migrants consider the life they have lived as basically their own formations. The Italian community was selected because there are only very thin and fragmentary records of its local history and because of the author's own origins. Through interviews, one has been able to expand on the existing sparse historical picture and to gather fresh material concerning a range of active individuals who, through their business lives and practices, established successful new industries and other local economic enterprises. Sample interviews have been transcribed and edited, to illustrate the range of oral testimony. Through them one hears something of the history of men such as Oreste Nannucci who started a laundry business, Giuseppe Rubbi, who was one of the most prominent builders in Cape Town before the Second World War, and Amedeo Traverso who, with his partners, developed the sea front in Sea Point, among many other speculative ventures. Through the examples of Mrs Ida Peroni's and Antonio Introna's testimony we move away from the historical voice of male petty entrepreneurs to obtain a new insight into the fortunes of the Sicilian fishing community. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to check the information generated by oral testimony by consulting census reports, migration figures, consular and parliamentary reports, books, documents, newspapers and personal correspondence both in South Africa and Italy. Written documentary sources are utilised in relevant chapters. By piecing together this disparate range of source material, the present study shows the dimensions of Italian migrant economic and social experience not simply as generalities but as something to be glimpsed in the uniqueness inherent in every life history.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protein and oilseed production in the winter rainfall region of South Africa (primarily the Southern and Western Cape) is well below the potential for the area. One possible method of increasing production is to convince producers that the inclusion of protein and oilseed rotational crops will enhance the sustainability of wheat production systems. A project to investigate, quantify and elucidate the effect of canola (Brassica napus), lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) and medics (Medicago spp.) on subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum) production as well as their influence on soil fertility in respect to nitrogen was initiated in 1999. The long- term rotational crop system experiment on Langgewens experimental farm near Malmesbury, provided the infrastructure for the project. During the 1999 and 2000 wheat-growing seasons, 50m2 plots were demarcated in wheat fields where wheat, lupins, canola or medics were produced in 1998 and 1999 respectively. Each plot was cleared of all vegetation and received no fertilizer N. In these fallow plots, soil samples were collected at three to four week intervals and the available nitrate-N and ammonium-N content of the topsoil (0-15cm depth) and the subsoil (15-30cm depth) were determined. Additional soil samples were also taken from the topsoil on 09/03/2000 after a summer fallow period. These samples were taken on plots that were subjected to a wheat crop in 1999, but were preceded by either wheat, canola, lupins or medics in 1998. The soil samples were then subjected to a 60-day incubation period at 15°C while being maintained at 75% of their water holding capacity. Mineral N was determined after 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of incubation. Large variation in the nitrogen contents observed made it difficult to always obtain significant differences. The results of the soil investigations however indicate that the inclusion of lupins and medics in wheat cropping systems in the Swartland could help to limit the decline of mineral N in the soil profile, experienced within a growing season. This will therefore enable farmers to reduce fertilizer inputs without facing soil mineral N depletion. Plant samples were also collected from wheat plots during the 1999 growing season on three occasions (23/06/99 (growth stage 5), 5/08/99 (growth stage 15), 14/09/99 (growth stage 23)). Plots were selected to represent the same treatments as in the soil sampling procedure during the growing season of 1999 as described above. Plant and tiller numbers of a 0.25m2 sub sample from each plot were counted and leaf area was determined, whereafter the dry material was weighed. The percentage nitrogen content in the leaves and stems were subsequently determined using Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy. In terms of vegetative growth, little difference was observed. A significant increase in nitrogen content of wheat plants growing in plots where wheat and canala were grown in 1998 was observed in the second plant sampling (growth stage 15) and this was attributed to higher nitrogen topdressing. However, on the third sampling date on 14/9/1999 (growth stage 23), the difference was no longer evident. The most important conclusion to make from this study, is that farmers can probably save on fertilizer inputs when including lupins and medics in their wheat production systems, without risking poorer wheat growth. At growth stage 28, a 0.25m2 sub sample of wheat plants was removed at a randomly chosen point in each of the plots described above. Ears and grains were subsequently counted. The wheat remaining on the plots were then harvested at the end of October 1999 using a plot combine. Subsequently the yield, hectolitre mass, thousand grain mass and % crude protein was determined from samples of harvested grain from each plot. The % flour and % bran extraction were then determined whereafter the % flour protein was determined. Micro bread loafs were baked to estimate the loaf volume. Flour and dough properties were also tested using the Falling Number System, mixograph and alveograph. Wheat in cropping systems consisting of legume phases such as lupins and medics, required less nitrogen fertilizer application to achieve statistically the same yield, flour and dough properties. These crop rotations can therefore be considered as more ecologically sustainable and economically viable for the Swartland. This study was aimed at determining the effect of different crop rotations on soil fertility, and because clear soil fertility trends take time to form, this study was probably too short to obtain fully significant differences. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Proteïen- en oliesaad produksie in die winter reënval streek van Suid Afrika (hoofsaaklik die Suid- en Weskaap) is ver benede die potensiaal vir die streek. Een moontlike manier om die produksie hiervan te verhoog is om produsente in hierdie streek te oortuig dat die insluiting van proteten en oliesaad gewasse die volhoubaarheid van koring verbouingstelsels sal verhoog. Na aanleiding hiervan, is In projek in 1999 van stapel gestuur om die effek van canola (Brassica napus), lupiene (Lupinus angustifolius) en medies (Medicago spp.) op daaropvolgende koring (Triticum aestivum) produksie, asook die invloed daarvan op grondvrugbaarheid in terme van stikstofinhoud, te ondersoek. Die langtermyn wisselbouproef op Langgewens proefplaas naby Malmesbury, het as infrastruktuur vir die ondersoek gedien. Gedurende die 1999 en 2000 koring groeiseisoene is 50m2 plotte in koringkampe gekies waarop koring, canola, lupiene en medies geproduseer is in onderskeidelik 1998 en 1999. Hierdie plotte is skoon gehou van plantegroei en het ook geen stikstof in kunsmisvorm gekry nie. Met drie tot vier week intervalle is grondmonsters op hierdie plotte versamel in die bogrond (0-15cm diep) en ondergrond (15-30cm diep), waarna die beskikbare nitraat-N en ammonium-N konsentrasie bepaal is. Adissionele grondmonsters van die bogrond is ook geneem op 9/03/2000 na In somer braak periode. Hierdie monsters was geneem op persele wat blootgestel was aan In koringproduksie in 1999, maar voorafgegaan is deur koring, canola, lupiene en medies in 1998. Hierdie monsters is dan vir 60 dae geïnkubeer teen 15°C en 75% van die grond se water houvermoeë. Minerale N inhoud bepalings is gedoen na 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45 en 60 dae van inkubasie. Groot variasie in die minerale stikstof inhoud, het die verkryging van herkenbare tendense en konstante statistiese verskille belemmer. Die resultate wat verkry is dui egter dat die insluiting van lupiene en medies in koring produksie stelsels in die Swartland, hoër minerale N vlakke in die grond handhaaf en dit kan boere gevolglik in staat stelom kunsmis insette te besnoei sonder dat grondvrugbaarheid verswak. Op 23/06/99 (groeistadium 5), 5/08/99 (groeistadium 15) en 14/09/99 (groeistadium 23) is plantmonsters versamel van koringpersele. Hierdie persele is gekies om die behandelings van die grondmonsterontledings soos hierbo beskryf, te verteenwoordig. Plante en halms van 'n 0.25m2 area uit die persele is getel en die blaaroppervlaktes is bepaal, waarna die droëmateriaal massa van die area bepaal is. Die persentasie stikstofinhoud van die blare en stingels was daarna bepaal. In terme van vegetatiewe groei was daar nie groot verskille te bespeur nie. Betekenisvolle hoër stikstof inhoud van koringblare in plotte waar daar in die vorige jaar canola en koring verbou was, is in die tweede planttrekking (groeistadium 15) gevind en dit is toegeskryf aan die hoër stikstof kopbemesting wat daardie behandelings ontvang het. Teen die derde monsterneming op 14/09l99 (groeistadium 23), was hierdie verskille nie meer in die ontledingsdata te sien nie. Die afleiding wat van hierdie studie gemaak is, is dat boere moontlik stikstofbemesting kan verminder as hulle lupiene en medies in hulle koring produksiestelsels inbring, sonder om die risiko van swakker groei te verhoog. Op 20/10/99 (groeistadium 28) is 0.25m2 plante van elke koringperseel verwyder waarna die are en die korrels getel is. Die koring wat nog op die persele was is teen die einde van Oktober 1999 met 'n perseelstropertjie geoes. Opbrengs, hektoliter massa, duidendkorrel massa en % ru-proteïene is daarna bepaal. Volgende is die % meel en % semel ekstraksie bepaal waarna die % meelproteïene bepaal is. Mikro broodjies is ook gebak om die broodvolume te bepaal. Meel en deeg eienskappe is ook getoets met die Falling Number System, mixogram en alveogram. Koring in produksiestelsels met peulplant fases (lupien en medies in hierdie geval), het minder N toediening nodig gehad om statisties dieselfde opbrengs, meel- en deeg eienskappe te verkry. Lupien en medic gebaseerde wisselbou praktyke in die Swartland kan gevolglik as meer ekologies volhoubaar en ekonomies haalbaar bestempelword. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die invloed van wisselbou op grondvrugbaarheid te ondersoek. Sodanige veranderings neem egter tyd en daarom is dit waarskynlik nog te gou om werklike grondvrugbaarheids verskille waar te neem.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to establish the frequency of unlicensed and off label drug use in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Tygerberg Hospital. METHOD This was a prospective descriptive survey conducted over 3 consecutive months (September 2011-November 2011) of all medicine charts of neonates admitted during this time period to the NICU. Data collected included demography, diagnoses, medicines prescribed according to dose, frequency, route of administration and indication. Medicine use was defined as unlicensed, licensed or off label use according to the latest South African Medicines Formulary (2012) and the manufacturer’s package insert. Unlicensed drug use is per definition a drug not registered with South African Medicine Control Council (SA MCC) for children and off label drug use is where the use is outside of its authorized license with SA MCC. RESULTS There were 112 neonates enrolled in the study, of whom 51% were preterm and 49% term infants. The most common diagnoses on admission for the preterm babies were hyaline membrane disease (33%) and sepsis (21%), while it was hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (42%) and post-operative care (22%) for term infants. There were 759 drug events of which 37% were licensed and followed all the licensing terms, 51% were prescribed in an off label manner and the remaining 12% were of unlicensed drugs. The most common reasons off label drug use were for weight (74%), followed by age (44%), frequency (44%), indication (21%), or a route not described in the licensing terms (13%). There was a lack of pediatric data for 9% of the drugs prescribed. In 203 drug events (27%) a drug was used in an off label manner for more than one reason. Sixty one percent of the drugs used had no information on the use of the drug in neonates. CONCLUSION This is the first study conducted in an African NICU, according to our knowledge and the results are similar to studies conducted in Europe and America. Neonates are exposed to a significant proportion of unlicensed and off label drugs. Neonatal clinical trials should be conducted to address the need for proven safe and efficacious treatment for neonates.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Swartland region in the western Cape, South Africa, covers approximately 5000 km2 and forms part of the Pan-African Saldania Belt that represents the southernmost extremity of the Pan-African orogenic belts in southern Africa. Regional mapping of the Swartland area shows that lithologies can be classified using predominantly structural and to a lesser extent lithological criteria. This led to the proposal of a new classification, were rocks of the previous classification of the Malmesbury Group are divided into two new groups, namely the Swartland and Malmesbury groups. The Swartland group can be divided into the Berg River and Moorreesburg formations, a series of quartz-chlorite-muscovite-feldspar schists, quartz schists, graphitic schists and limestones; and the Bridgetown formation, a series of metavolcanic rocks with WPB-MORB affinities that possibly represent seafloor. Deposition of the sediments is suggested to have occurred concurrently with deformation in an accretionary prism/fore-arc and was initiated with the opening of the lapetus Ocean at ca. 600 Ma. This early deformation event, Dt (ca. 575 Ma), only affected the Swartland group and exhibits pervasive bedding transposition, thrusting and imbrication of units creating a tectonostratigraphic sequence. Where identified, kinematic indicators and fold vergence indicate a top-to-the-west transport direction during the early, low-angle Di deformation. The Malmesbury group overlies the Swartland group, being locally separated by an unconformity. The Malmesbury group is a succession of conglomerates, grits and shales (Piketberg Formation), grading into greywackes, shales, siltstones, sandstones and minor limestones of the Tygerberg and Porterville formations. Sedimentation probably commenced after ca. 575 Ma and lasted until shortly after 560 Ma. Both the Swartland and Malmesbury groups were then deformed by the deformation event, D2 (ca. 552-545 Ma), and were intruded by the 552 to 510 Ma Cape Granite Suite. The Franschhoek Formation, formally part of the Malmesbury Group is now classified, along with the inferred ca. 535-510 Ma Magrug and Populierbos Formations of the previous Klipheuwel Group. The redefined Klipheuwel group documents a change in depositional environment from the continental slope/ocean trench, marine and flyschoid deposits of the Malmesbury group to continental, fluvial half-graben and graben deposits. Exhumation, extensive erosion and the formation of a peneplain, was followed by the deposition of the Table Mountain Sandstone Group around 550-510 Ma. The Spitskop gold prospect, located 10 km south of Piketberg, represents the first identified occurrence of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Saldania Belt. Metamorphic devolatilisation of the Swartland group during Di led to the scavenging and transportation of gold along shallow-dipping shear zones that are contained within the early, sub-horizontal So/Si tectonic fabric. Pervasive fluid movement in the Spitskop area led to elevated gold values compared to background values throughout the lithologies at Spitskop. The lack of any economic-grade gold mineralisation is probably related to the absence of suitably orientated structures, such as high-angle faults, that are commonly believed to represent the prerequisite for large fluid throughputs that could result in economic-grade gold deposits. The mineralisation at Spitskop, however, provides a genetic model for further exploration of gold in the Swartland group. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Swartland streek in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, beslaan ongeveer 5000 km2 en vorm deel van die Pan-Afrikaanse Saldania-gordel wat die mees suidelike deel van die Pan-Afrikaanse orogene gordels in suidelike Afrika verteenwoordig. Regionale kartering van die Swartland streek dui aan dat die gesteentes geklassifiseer kan word deur oorwegend strukturele, en tot 'n mindere mate litologiese kriteria te gebruik. Gevolglik word ‘n nuwe klassifikasie voorgestel, waar gesteentes volgens die vorige klassifikasie van die Malmesbury groep verdeel word in twee groepe, naamlik die Swartland en Malmesbury groepe. Die Swartland groep kan verdeel word in die Bergrivier en Moorreesburg formasies, ‘n reeks kwarts-chloriet-muskoviet-veldspaat skis, kwarts skis, grafitiese skis en kalksteen; en die Bridgetown formasie, ‘n reeks metavulkaniese gesteentes met WPB-MORB affiniteite wat moontlik oseaanvloer verteenwoordig. Daar word voorgestel dat afsetting van die sedimente gelyktydig plaasgevind het saam met vervorming in ‘n akkresionere prisma/voorboog, geinisieer deur die opening van die lapetus Oseaan (ca. 600 Ma). Hierdie vroee vervorming, Di (ca. 575 Ma), het slegs die Swartland groep geaffekteer en vertoon deurdringende verplasing van gelaagdheid, oorskuiwing en imbrikasie van eenhede en het ‘n tektonostratigrafiese opeenvolging gevorm. Waar identifiseer, dui kinematiese aanwysers en plooi kanteling op ‘n bokant-na-wes beweging gedurende die vroee, lae hoek Di vervorming. Die Malmesbury groep oordek die Swartland groep, plaaslik geskei deur ‘n diskordansie. The Malmesbury groep bestaan uit ‘n opeenvolging konglomeraat, grintsteen en skalie (Piketberg formasie), wat gradeer in grouwak, skalie, sliksteen, sandsteen en ondergeskikte kalksteen van die Tygerberg en Porterville formasies. Sedimentasie het waarskynlik begin na ca. 575 Ma en het voortgeduur tot kort na 560 Ma. Beide die Swartland en Malmesbury groepe is hierna vervorm deur D2, (ca. 552-545 Ma) en daaropvolgend ingedring deur die 552 tot 510 Ma Kaap Graniet Suite. Die Franschhoek Formasie, voorheen deel van die Malmesbury Groep, word nou geklassifiseer tesame met die afgeleide ca. 535-510 Ma Magrug en Populierbos formasies as deel van die voorheen geklassifiseerde Klipheuwel groep. Die hergedefinieerde Klipheuwel groep dui op 'n verandering in afsettingsomgewing vanaf die kontinentale glooiing/oseaantrog, mariene en flyschoiede afsettings van die Malmesbury groep na kontinentale, fluviale half-graben en graben afsettings. Herblootstelling, omvattende erosie en die vorming van ‘n skiervlakte is gevolg deur die afsetting van die Tafelberg Sandsteen Groep random 520-510 Ma. Die Spitskop goudvoorkoms, 10 km suid van Piketberg, verteenwoordig die eerste identifiseerde voorkoms van mesotermale goudmineralisasie in die Saldania Gordel. Metamorfe ontvlugtiging van die Swartland groep gedurende Dt het aanleiding gegee tot die roofuitruiling en vervoer van goud langs laaghellende skuifskeursones in die vroee, subhorisontale S0/Si tektoniese maaksel. Deurdringende vloeistofbeweging in die Spitskop omgewing het aanleiding gegee tot verhoogde goudwaardes in vergelyking met agtergrond waardes dwarsdeur die litologiee by Spitskop. Die gebrek aan ekonomiese graad goud mineralisasie is waarskynlik verwant aan die afwesigheid van geskikte georienteerde strukture, soos hoe hoek verskuiwings, wat oor die algemeen beskou word as ‘n voorvereiste vir die toevoer van groot hoeveelhede vloeistof wat kon aanleiding gegee het tot ekonomiese graad goudafsettings. Die mineralisasie by Spitskop verskaf egter 'n model vir verdere goud eksplorasie in die Swartland groep.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1998. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original microfiche copy / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: see item for full text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: sien item vir volteks.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the motivation for the proposed Education Management Development Centres (EMDCs). It also addresses what improvements to the current system EMDCs are supposed to make and how EMDCs hope to enhance collaboration between the Western Cape Education Department and local schools. It also look at the role of the proposed EMDCs and specifically focus on how they hope to promote better inter-sectoral support between the Western Cape Education Department and local schools.

Violence in society has reached epidemic level and has permeated the walls of the workplace. Workplace violence has also spread across all occupations, especially those dealing with the public, and has escalated over the years. In this thesis the researcher explored the experiences, perceptions and coping mechanisms used by nurses exposed to violence in the health setting. The main focus was to determine how the nurses interpret abuse, and does this interpretation determine their response to the abuse.

Asthma is described as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Recurrent episodes of acute attacks or exacerbation may occur in susceptible individuals. Asthma could be a controllable disorder and most people with asthma should be able to lead a n