In this thesis, detection of active water-borne bacteria was achieved by combining flow cytometry with vital dyes that characterise the metabolic status of cells. Following optimisation, these techniques were applied to investigate the activity of bacteria exposed to disinfection, both in the laboratory and in real systems. Raw and potable waters from various locations around South Australia were then analysed to investigate relationships between numbers of active bacteria and those detected by traditional culture-based techniques. Flow cytometric cell sorting of active bacteria followed by 16S rRNA gene-directed PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was then used to track the survival of bacteria through water treatment and into distribution. In doing so the identification of active bacteria not detected by culture was achieved. Finally, real-time PCR was optimised for detection of ammonia oxidising bacteria. This group of bacteria were responsible for loss of disinfection residual within a chloraminated distribution system. / thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005.

No description available.

Health inequity refers to differences in health status between populations ( health inequalities ) that are unnecessary and avoidable and, additionally, are considered unfair or unjust. The history of the concept is reviewed and the mechanisms by which inequity affects health surveyed, with a focus on multi - level models of health production. The origins and development of the Primary Health Care approach is then considered with an emphasis on the Australian setting and on HIV / AIDS policy. The construct of homosexuality is then explored and concepts of sexual attraction, ' orientation ', identity and behaviour differentiated. What is known about the health characteristics of homosexually active men in the First World is then surveyed by means of a systematic literature review. It is concluded that there is evidence that they are affected by substantial health inequality in a range of areas including mortality, suicidality, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, report of childhood sexual abuse and problematic substance use. Few of these inequalities have been confirmed in the Australian context, however, and almost none have been confirmed specifically in South Australia. The background to the development of a Primary Health Care programme focused on homosexually active men, is then described. The baseline health characteristics of the programme ' s cohort of 542 homosexually active South Australian men ( including their sexual behaviour in the context of HIV transmission ) are described and compared with other samples of men to identify inequalities. It is concluded that men in the cohort were subject to health inequality in a wide range of health parameters including mortality, suicidality, sexually transmitted infections, depressive and anxiety disorders, levels of substance use and self - rated health on the short - form 36 ( sf36 ) instrument. The relationships between these characteristics and factors indicative of disadvantage and victimisation are then explored. It is concluded that many of the health inequalities identified were related to sociohistorical factors such as emotional withdrawal by one ' s father, low income, unemployment, reduced educational attainment, and recent experience of violence and abuse from strangers. It is argued that some of these factors can be considered to be examples of unfairness and injustice and that, as a consequence, at least some of the health inequality experienced by this population is also health inequity. The elements of the Primary Health Care programme devised to meet the needs of homosexually active men is described and the trajectory of health characteristics of its participants over three time points is examined. 210 homosexually active men had reached Second Review, an average of thirty - six months after enrolment, by the time of analysis. Among this group, significant sustained improvement in a range of health outcomes, including prevalence of depressive disorders, sf36 scores and rate of recent suicidal ideation, is reported in association with involvement in the programme. Participant ' s subjective satisfaction with the programme is then described and their beliefs about the causes of their improved health explored using a qualitative methodology. It is concluded that the programme had largely met the needs of participants and they believed that it had been responsible for their improved health. Limitations of the study are considered and discussed. Limitations of the investigation to identify health inequality include questions of external validity arising from the absence of a perfect comparator group and concerns with construct validity related to the possibility of geographical and cultural variation in definitions of ' homosexually active men '. In the investigation to determine the extent to which health inequalities were also examples of inequity, issues of conclusion validity are discussed particularly in relation to multiple comparisons and the balance between Type I and Type II errors. In the evaluation of the impact of the Primary Health Care programme, there are concerns about internal validity resulting from the absence of randomisation and an uncontrolled design. The components of this issue are discussed and some support for internal validity is found in the reported subjective beliefs of participants about the cause of their health improvement and the outcomes of critical reflection by the programme team. The implications of the findings for policy, practice and further research are explored. It is argued that the health inequity experienced by people of sexual diversity will require profound social change for complete resolution. In the meantime, however, focused Primary Health Care with a community of sexual diversity has the potential to mitigate the health inequity its members experience and to help them to survive and function while they wait for a fairer and kinder society. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2005.

[Various reprints] / Lacks title page and contents / 3 v. : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, 1948

Bibliography: leaves 176-179.

viii, 291 leaves : ill., tables, graphs, photos ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1976

Includes bibliographical references. / iv, 398 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The government of South Australia has developed a Primary Health Care Policy (1989) and Draft Implementation Plan (1992) in order to focus its health promotion efforts. The thesis demonstrates that implementation of these concepts will be facilitated by a clear understanding of idealogical and political issues to be faced in bringing about such change. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1995

Journal article co-authored by the author inserted at end (Plant pathology (1991) 40, 67-77) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-167) / xxv, 167 leaves : ill., plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes the isolation of antibody and DNA probes which vary in their reaction to different anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani. Evidence is presented to show that isolates from anastomosis group 8 are biochemically distinct from isolates in other anastomosis groups found in South Australia. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1992

Bibliography: leaves 347-361. / 403 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Presents results of 2 longitudinal studies investigating the oral health of older adults with dementia, using questionnaires and clinical inspections at baseline and one year. Groups studied were nursing home residents and those living in the community, with moderate to severe dementia or no dementia diagnosis. Caries experience was related to dementias severity and not to specific dementia diagnoses. Coronal and root caries experience was higher in dementia participants with moderate-severe dementia, the socio-economically disadvantaged, more functionally dependent, taking neuroleptic medications with high anticholinergic adverse effects, with eating and swallowing problems, were not attending the dentist, who needed assistance and were behaviourally difficult during oral hygiene care and whose carers were burdened. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 2001

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-258). / xxi, 274 leaves, [8] leaves of plates : ill. (chiefly col.), map 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Estimates the primary production and investigates the photosynthetic performance of temperate turfs at West Island, off the coast of South Australia. These communities play a fundamental role in reef ecology, being the main source of food for grazers, both fishes and invertebrates. Turfs also have an important function in benthic algal community dynamics, being the first colonizers on disturbed and bare substratum. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2002