Climate change effects have been documented in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Temperature is predicted to continue to increase, and precipitation patterns are changing. As a result, river flow is anticipated to diminish. The South Saskatchewan River (SSR) provides vital habitat to lake sturgeon. Lake sturgeon are currently endangered or threatened across most of their native range, prompting provincial governments to develop management strategies. As lake sturgeon habitat is dependent on flow, understanding climate change impacts on flow conditions in the SSR will be an important component of their long-term management strategy for lake sturgeon. I have developed empirical models based on regional climate variables (temperature and precipitation) to predict in-stream flow. These models were developed using general linear modeling and Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC). Future in-stream flow was predicted by extracting key variables from 5 different GCM’s and inserting the variables into the predictive flow models. These future flow scenarios were coupled with habitat suitability indices developed to assess changes in sturgeon habitat developed by the Water Security Agency and Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Flow scenarios predict a decrease in the habitat of most life stages (spawning, juvenile, adult and subadult), but an increase in fry habitat. These models will represent a novel advancement for sturgeon management in Western Canada.

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In this thesis mercury concentrations in biota of the upper South Saskatchewan River Basin are assessed in three non-industrialized systems. Mercury levels in large sport fish (northern pike, walleye, lake trout) frequently exceeded the consumption limit of 0.5ppm. Goldeye and mooneye of the Oldman River and lake whitefish of Waterton Lakes were below 0.5ppm total mercury. Agricultural and urban effluents constituted no sources of significant mercury loadings to the Oldman River. A doubling of mercury biomagnification factors between longnose dace and their food suggests bioenergetic heterogeneity of these fish along the river gradient. Basin-specific mercury levels were detected for the upper and middle basins in Waterton Lakes, and are associated with food web characteristics, and fish bioenergetics. High mercury levels in a new reservoir were in part attributed to increased loadings from flooded soils, as is commonly observed, but also to bioenergetic constraints and growth inefficiency as a result of non-piscivory of this population. / xiii, 130 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. --

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The late Arthur Silver Morton has contributed immensely to our understanding and preservation of western Canadian history. One of Mortons joys was locating remains of long forgotten fur trade posts. As a result, a large number of the Saskatchewan fur trade posts that we know of were located and recorded by Morton. The majority of Mortons investigations took place throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Morton consulted whatever historic sources were available to him at the time: numerous historic documents, ethnographic accounts and local histories.<p> There has been archaeological evidence that suggests Morton misidentified numerous fur trade post sites. For example, research at the Hudsons Bay Companys South Branch House (1786-1794), which Morton identified in 1944, has sparked some controversy as to whether or not it is that particular post. As a result, this provides the author with an excellent chance to examine how Morton identified Saskatchewan fur trade posts and to determine through archaeological excavations and historical documents the accuracy of Mortons historical site designation at South Branch House.<p> A critical approach to Mortons work will determine how accurate his work is for contemporary archaeological investigations of fur trade posts. Furthermore, this thesis may provide historical archaeologists with insights as to how to go about identifying fur trade posts, which will contribute to our overall understanding of the western Canadian fur trade.

The late Arthur Silver Morton has contributed immensely to our understanding and preservation of western Canadian history. One of Mortons joys was locating remains of long forgotten fur trade posts. As a result, a large number of the Saskatchewan fur trade posts that we know of were located and recorded by Morton. The majority of Mortons investigations took place throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Morton consulted whatever historic sources were available to him at the time: numerous historic documents, ethnographic accounts and local histories.<p> There has been archaeological evidence that suggests Morton misidentified numerous fur trade post sites. For example, research at the Hudsons Bay Companys South Branch House (1786-1794), which Morton identified in 1944, has sparked some controversy as to whether or not it is that particular post. As a result, this provides the author with an excellent chance to examine how Morton identified Saskatchewan fur trade posts and to determine through archaeological excavations and historical documents the accuracy of Mortons historical site designation at South Branch House.<p> A critical approach to Mortons work will determine how accurate his work is for contemporary archaeological investigations of fur trade posts. Furthermore, this thesis may provide historical archaeologists with insights as to how to go about identifying fur trade posts, which will contribute to our overall understanding of the western Canadian fur trade.

This thesis presents an account of water policies in Alberta's South Saskatchewan River Basin in reference to the historical factors influencing past decisions, the claims supporting present reforms and implications for future policy directions. I begin by investigating the historical factors surrounding early water policies and consider their influence on water development in the 20th century. Next I critically examine the policy reforms from 1996-2006 and consider both how early policy decisions influence contemporary plans and the claims offered in support of current management decisions. I then look to the future of water policy in southern Alberta and the planned implementation of adaptive management systems. I analyze adaptive management theory in the policy context of Alberta and find the normative claims of adaptive management insufficient. I then suggest a more robust normative framework to supplement adaptive management theory.

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Morphology related to the South Saskatchewan River in the Outlook Saskatoon region is basically a product of the complex relationships between fluvial activity, glacial and lacustrine history and surficial materials. / During deglaciation, the river experienced numerous major changes before becoming incised in its present location. Channel scars and deltaic-alluvial deposits are widespread. / The present valley proper shows marked local variation in overall width; terrace characteristics; occurrence of slumping, and features of the valley floor including floor and river widths, gradients, braiding, meandering, channel bars and islands, and flood plain characteristics and development. Differences are largely the result of (a) pronounced variations in the resistance to erosion of materials of the valley sides and floor; (b) the influence of an alluvium-filled gut, underlying the river in the south, on width and slumping; and (c) the influence, in the north, of sharp bends which were inherited from a braided network of early high-level channels.

Morphology related to the South Saskatchewan River in the Outlook Saskatoon region is basically a product of the complex relationships between fluvial activity, glacial and lacustrine history and surficial materials. / During deglaciation, the river experienced numerous major changes before becoming incised in its present location. Channel scars and deltaic-alluvial deposits are widespread. / The present valley proper shows marked local variation in overall width; terrace characteristics; occurrence of slumping, and features of the valley floor including floor and river widths, gradients, braiding, meandering, channel bars and islands, and flood plain characteristics and development. Differences are largely the result of (a) pronounced variations in the resistance to erosion of materials of the valley sides and floor; (b) the influence of an alluvium-filled gut, underlying the river in the south, on width and slumping; and (c) the influence, in the north, of sharp bends which were inherited from a braided network of early high-level channels.