Experiments were conducted at Blacksburg from 1975 to 1978 on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. The objectives were: (1) to study the inheritance of reaction to peanut mottle virus (PMV); (2) to determine the allelic relationships between genes for resistance from various germplasm sources; and (3) to screen a part of the soybean Plant Introduction germplasm collection and identify PMV-resistant strains. Soybean cultivars, Plant Introduction (PI) strains, and advanced generation progenies derived from selected crosses were artificially inoculated with PMV-S/V74S (a Virginia isolate) and evaluated for their reaction to PMV in the field and greenhouse. Two cultivars, 'Virginia' and 'Pine Dell Perfection', that were previously reported as resistant to a mild PMV strain were found to be susceptible to PMV-S/V74S. Crosses between resistant and susceptible lines and among resistant lines were made in the field in 1976 and 1977. The F₁, F₂, and F₃generation seedlings derived from selected crosses were tested for reaction to PMV in the greenhouse. It was shown that resistance in the cultivar 'Peking' is conditioned by a single recessive gene designated rpv₂. Evidence based on segregation in F₂ populations was also presented that indicates the presence of three other dominant genes for resistance to PMV-S/V74S. The three dominant genes are designated Rpv₁ (first reported by workers in Georgia), Rpv₃, and Rpv₄. Preliminary F₁ and F₂ data were obtained from crosses between 15 resistant PI strains and two resistant "testers," 'York' and PI 89,784. The F₂ data obtained from five crosses indicate the possibility of still other genes for resistance to PMV. The two susceptible lines used in the study, Virginia and PI 229,315, differed markedly in their reactions to PMV. The presence of different alleles or modifying genes controlling the susceptible reactions in the two lines is suggested. A total of 2161 FC and PI strains in Maturity Groups II, III, and IV were inoculated with PMV-S/V74S in the field during 1976 and 1977. Three hundred sixty-six strains that showed 10% or less virus infection were identified. These "resistant" strains provide a pool from which other genes for PMV resistance perhaps can be isolated. Differences in PMV disease reactions of plants from the same strain were noted when plants were tested in both the field and greenhouse. The differences were attributed to the following three factors: (1) differences in stage of plant growth at time of inoculation (field grown plants were generally larger at time of inoculation than plants inoculated in the greenhouse); (2) differences in environmental conditions between the field and greenhouse; and (3) the artist's airbrush inoculation technique was used in the field while the rub inoculation technique (mortar and pestle) was used in the greenhouse. / Ph. D.

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd., is a real threat to soybean crops in South Africa. Its ability to spread rapidly and its potential to severely reduce yields have earned it the reputation as the most destructive foliar disease of soybeans. SBR has been reported in South Africa every year since its arrival in 2001. While extensive research had been done on the epidemiology and fungicide application requirements in South Africa, no work into the long term climatic vulnerability of soybean production areas to SBR had been done. This meant soybean producers do not know whether SBR is a threat in their areas. Through this research a SBR algorithm was developed using readily available climate data, viz. temperature and rainfall, to create a daily index specifying the climatic vulnerability of SBR infection. The algorithm was applied to a 50 year historical climate database, and a series of maps was created illustrating the long term vulnerability of different areas to SBR infection. These maps allow soybean producers to understand the climatic vulnerability of their area to SBR infection. Time series graphs were created for selected key soybean production areas to allow soybean producers to distinguish periods of high and low climatic risk during the season. This may help with decisions regarding the planting times, the maturation rate of different cultivars as well as the timing and application of fungicides. The framework for a near real time forecasting system was created outlining how the system could amalgamate recently recorded and forecasted weather data, run it through the SBR algorithm and provide a near real time, as well as forecasted vulnerability, based on the climatic conductivity for SBR infection. Anticipated limitations and difficulties on developing the forecasting system are also outlined. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) are a symbiont of two beneficial associations: biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Within the Northern Great Plains of the USA, iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) of soybean is a yield-limiting factor. The effects of IDC on BNF and AMF are not well defined. This study was conducted to determine the effects of IDC on BNF and AMF. A laboratory study was performed to compare three methods of measuring ureide-N, a product of BNF in soybeans. Field studies in soybean were performed at three locations at eastern N011h Dakota. The experimental design was a factorial combination of three cultivars and three treatments. The three cultivars, in order of decreasing chlorosis susceptibility, were NuTech NT-0886, Roughrider Genetics RG 607, and Syngenta S01-C9 RR. The three treatments were control, Sorghum bicolor L. companion crop planted with the soybean seed, and FeEDDHA applied with the soybean seed. Chlorosis severity was the greatest and least for the NuTech and Syngenta cultivars, respectively. The FeEDDHA treatment decreased chlorosis severity. Ureide levels were abnormally high in plants severely stunted by JDC. The excess accumulation of ureides in IDC-stunted plants suggests that plant growth was reduced more than the rate of nitrogen fixation. The AMF population \vas at an adequate level at all locations and not affected by cultivar or treatment, in general. In the laboratory study, the Patterson et al. method had greater ureide concentrations due to the non-specific measuring of ammonium compounds compared to the Vogels and Van der Drift and Goos methods. / North Dakota Soybean Council

Soybeans, Glycine max, are an economically and strategically important crop in South Africa (SA). In order to meet local demands, large imports of soybeans are required, e.g., in the 2005/2006 soybean production period, 842 107 tonnes of oilcake were imported. Due to an increase in soybean production throughout the world, diseases that affect this crop have also increased in incidence and severity. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal organism of sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), is an important yield limiting disease of soybeans, as well as numerous other crops. The pathogen was first reported in SA in 1979. However, it was only in 2002 that this fungus was considered a major pathogen of soybeans in SA. The research reported in this thesis was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of S. sclerotiorum and examine numerous potential control methods for this pathogen, i.e., resistant cultivars, biocontrol, chemical control and seed treatments. A S. sclerotiorum isolate was obtained from sunflowers in Delmas, Mpumulanga, SA, in the form of sclerotia. This isolate was cultured and sent for identification and deposition in the Plant Protection Research Institute collection. This isolate, in the form of mycelia, was used for the duration of the study. For epidemiology studies, the effect of temperature, leaf wetness duration (LWD) and relative humidity (RH) were examined for their effect on rate of pathogen development. Twenty four combinations of temperature (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 28°C), LWD (24, 48 and 72 hr) and RH (85 and 95%) were investigated. No interaction between temperature, LWD and RH was found. Temperature alone was the only factor that affected disease development. At 22°C, the rate of pathogen development (0.45 per unit per day) was significantly higher than all other temperatures, indicating that this temperature is optimum for disease development. Thirteen different soybean cultivars, i.e., LS6626RR, LS6710RR, LS666RR, LS555RR, LS6514RR, LS678RR, Prima 2000, Pan 626, AG5601RR, AG5409RR, 95B33, 95B53 and 96B01B, commercially grown in SA were investigated for their reaction to S. sclerotiorum. Prima 2000, 96B01B, 95B33 and AG5409RR were considered to be the least susceptible as they showed a significantly low rate of pathogen development (0.28, 0.28, 0.24, 0.23 per unit per day, respectively) and produced a significantly low number of sclerotia (3.03, 3.42, 3.21, 2.38, respectively). LS6626R and LS666RR may be considered most susceptible because of their significantly high rate of pathogen development (0.45 and 0.42 per unit per day, respectively) and high sclerotia production (8.16 and 7.50, respectively). Regression analysis showed a positive correlation coefficient (R2=0.71) between rate of growth of the pathogen and number of sclerotia produced, indicating that a higher rate is associated with a higher number of sclerotia. In vitro dual culture bioassays were performed to identify the biocontrol mechanisms of the biocontrol agents, EcoT® (a seed treatment) and Eco77® (a foliar treatment), against hyphae and sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. Ultrastructural studies revealed that mycoparasitism is the probable mode of action as initial signs of hyphae of EcoT® and Eco77® coiling around hyphae of S. sclerotiorum were observed. Surface colonization of sclerotia by hyphae of EcoT® and Eco77® was also observed. In vitro antagonism of EcoT® against S. sclerotiorum on soybean seed was performed to determine pre-emergence and post-emergence disease. There was no significant difference in percentage germination between seeds treated with EcoT® and plated with the pathogen, untreated seeds and no S. sclerotiorum, and the control (i.e. no EcoT® and no pathogen). However, percentage non infected seedlings from seeds not treated with EcoT® was significantly lower, suggesting that EcoT® may be successfully used as a seed treatment for the control of SSR. In vivo trials were performed to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) alone, and in combination with Eco77®, on the effect of the rate of disease development. Plants treated with Eco77® had a significantly lower rate of disease development (0.19 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77® and S. sclerotiorum and 0.20 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum and Si), compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (0.29 per unit per day for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and 0.30 per unit per day for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and Si), regardless of the application of Si. Similarly, plants treated with Eco77® had a significantly lower number of sclerotia (0.46 for plants treated with Eco77® and S. sclerotiorum and 0.91 for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum and Si), compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (3.31 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and 3.64 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and Si). The significantly lower rate of disease development coupled with a significant reduction in sclerotia showed that Eco77®, and not Si, was responsible for reducing the severity of SSR. A strong positive correlation between rate of disease development and the number of sclerotia produced (R2=0.79) was observed. For the investigation of various fungicides for the control of S. sclerotiorum, in vitro trials to determine the potential of three different fungicides at different rates, i.e., BAS 516 04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F (266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1) and Sumisclex (760 g a.i. ha-1) were initially conducted. The control (non-amended PDA) had a significantly higher area under mycelial growth curve (243.0) than all fungicides tested. BAS 516 04F (at both concentrations) and BAS 512 06F completely inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Sumisclex inhibited the fungus by 89.07%. For in vivo trials, preventative treatments, i.e., BAS 516 04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F (266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1), curative treatment, i.e. Sumisclex (760 g a.i. ha-1) and a combination preventative/curative treatment, i.e., BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1)/Sumisclex (570 g a.i. ha-1) were investigated. No significant difference in disease severity index (DSI) was found between fungicide treatments and the inoculated control. BAS 512 06F and BAS 512 06F/Sumisclex had significantly lower grain yields (6.09 g and 5.96 g, respectively) compared to all other treatments. There was a positive correlation coefficient (R2=0.76), between DSI and grain yield, indicating that a high DSI is correlated with low grain yield. Trials to evaluate the effect of commercially available and currently unregistered seed treatments for the control of S. sclerotiorum on soybean seeds in vivo and in vitro were performed. Seed germination tests were performed to determine if seed treatments had any negative effects on seed germination in vitro. All seed treatments tested, i.e., BAS 516 03F (8, 16 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Celest XL (100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Benomyl (150 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Captan (240 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Thiulin (180 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) and Anchor Red (300 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), showed no negative effect on seed germination. For in vivo trials, BAS 516 03F (16 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Celest XL (100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Benomyl and Anchor Red had significantly similar percent germination and percent seedling survival as the untreated/uninoculated control. These seed treatments should be recommended for the control of S. sclerotiorum, as they protected seed during germination and subsequent seedling development. BAS 516 03F (8 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) should not be recommended for the control of SSR, as it gave the lowest percent germination and percent seedling survival. The results presented in this thesis have helped to identify optimal environmental conditions for the development of S. sclerotiorum, which is important for the development of forecasting models for disease control. The least and most susceptible cultivars of those tested have been identified. Biocontrol using Eco77® as a foliar application showed great potential. The effect of Si needs to be further investigated, including the testing of more frequent applications and higher concentrations. The fungicides tested in this research did not show any potential for the control of SSR. However, the spray programme tested is for the control of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), and was investigated for its potential for the control of SSR. The spray programme, fungicide application and rating scale needs to be modified, to determine the true potential of these fungicides for the control of SSR. Numerous seed treatments have shown potential for the control of seed infection by SSR. Due to difficulties in producing ascospores, which are the primary source of inoculum for this pathogen in the field, all studies in this research were conducted with mycelia and not ascospores. The production, collection and storage of ascospores needs to be thoroughly investigated, and research conducted with ascospores. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is an aggressive wind dispersed fungal disease which has spread around the world at an alarming rate in the last decade. The disease was first reported in South Africa (SA) in 2001. It has become well established in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Reports are occasionally made from eastern Mpumalanga, late in the growing season, in years with good rainfall. Yield losses of 10 - 80% have been reported due to SBR infection. Literature was reviewed to better understand the pathogen in an attempt to find suitable disease management strategies. Many strategies involve delaying, rather than preventing, SBR infection. Of the two strategies to prevent infection, the use of fungicides was the only option for disease control in SA, as no resistant cultivars are available. Field trials were conducted to determine which fungicides are effective in controlling SBR. Further research was conducted to determine the timing, frequency and rate of fungicide applications for optimal control of SBR. Trials were evaluated for disease severity, seed yield and the effect of fungicides on seed quality. Fungicides from the triazole class of the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting group of fungicides were found to be the most effective in controlling SBR. A fungicide from the strobilurin group was found to be less effective than the triazoles at the suggested rate, but was found to be as effective when evaluated at higher dosage rates. Triazoles premixed with fungicides from the benzimidazole and strobilurin groups were also effective in controlling SBR. Timing of application was found to be critical for strobilurin fungicides, but not for triazole fungicides, which have a curative ability, unlike strobilurins. Strobilurin fungicides applied preventatively, before the appearance of disease symptoms were as effective as triazole fungicides applied after disease symptoms, but before infection levels had reached 10%. Across both wet and dry seasons two fungicide applications applied at 21d intervals at the R2 growth stage resulted in effective disease control. In wet seasons, a third fungicide application resulted in yields that were higher, albeit not statistically significant, than two fungicide applications. Assessments of individual fungicides for optimal dosage rate found that registered rates were already optimal for some fungicides, but for others it appeared as if alterations were necessary to the rate suggested for registration. This study was one of the first to extensively evaluate the efficacy of the new triazole and strobilurin fungicides on SBR control. The results have been shared globally, but particularly with newly affected countries in South and North America. Although this research has been groundbreaking, there are still many aspects of fungicide control which need to be studied in order to further optimise chemical control of SBR. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005

Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Syd and P. Syd, the causal organism of soybean rust (SBR) was first reported in Japan in 1902. In 1934 the pathogen was found in several other Asian countries and as far south as Australia. In India, SBR was first reported on soybeans in 1951. There have been several early reports of SBR in equatorial Africa but the first confirmed report of P. pachyrhizi on the African continent was in 1996 from Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Since then, the pathogen has spread south with reports from Zambia and Zimbabwe in 1998 and in Mozambique in 2000. In February 2001, P. pachyrhizi was first detected on soybeans near Vryheid, in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (SA). As the season progressed, the disease was observed in other parts of the province, and epidemic levels were found in the Cedara, Greytown, Howick and Karkloof production regions. Soybean rust subsequently spread to Amsterdam and Ermelo in the Highveld region of SA. The disease reappeared in SA in March 2002. It is now established that the pathogen is a threat to soybean production in the country with yield losses in the region of 10-80%. A literature review on SBR investigating the taxonomy of the pathogen, its morphology, symptoms, host range, infection process, epidemiology, control options and the economic importance of P. pachyrhizi was complied to provide the necessary background information to conduct research under local conditions and to assist in interpretation of results of experiments. Epidemiological trials were conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal under controlled environmental conditions in a dew chamber and conviron. Development of P. pachyrhizi on the susceptible cultivar (LS5995) was quantified in combinations of seven temperatures (15,19,21,24,26,28 and 30°C) and five leaf wetness durations (LWD) (6,9,12,14 and 16hrs) at three relative humidities (RH) (75%, 85% and 95%). Studies indicate that optimum temperature for uredospore infection is 21-24°C with a LWD greater than 12hrs and RH 85-95%. The number of pustules as well as lesion size on the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface increased with increasing LWD at all the RH values tested. Infection did not occur on plants incubated at 15°C and 30°C at 85% or 95%RH whereas at 75%RH infection did not occur on plants incubated at 15°C, 19°C and 30°C regardless of LWD. Number of pustules per lesion produced at 75%, 85% and 95%RH was highest at 24°C and showed a gradual increase with increasing LWD. Lesion size on both leaf surfaces increased after 12hrs LWD at 24°C at 75% and 85%RH whereas at 95%RH lesion size increased after 14hrs LWD at 24°C. Exposure of uredospores to ultraviolet light which is equivalent to ultraviolet C (sunlight) which is < 280nm, shows a decrease in germination (7%). Under continuous darkness, the germination percentage was found to range from 58% after 48 hrs. Germination was found to peak at 16hrs in darkness with a gradual decrease as time increased whereas germination under ultraviolet light was highest after 6hrs with a gradual decrease with increased exposure to light. Germ tube lengths were found to be shorter when exposed to ultraviolet light (107µm) compared to controls kept in the dark (181µm). Results obtained clearly show a negative effect of ultraviolet light on the germination and germ tube length of uredospores. A 0.1 ml suspension of uredospores on 1.25% water agar Petri dishes was exposed to cycles of 14h ultraviolet light and 10h darkness for 48h. Results indicate an increase in germination percentage of uredospores when exposed to 10h of darkness following a 14h period under ultraviolet light. Controlled environmental studies were conducted to determine alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi in SA. The control used in this experiment was Prima 2000, a susceptible cultivar to soybean rust. Seven legume plants [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Glycine max (L.) Merr, Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Lupinus angustifolius (L.) Finnish, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.), Pueraria lobata (M&S) Wild and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and three dry bean lines (Bonus; OPS-RS2 and PAN 159) showed typical SBR symptoms when rated after 21 days post inoculation with uredospores for percentage disease severity. Disease severity was significantly different within the alternative hosts, but G. max, P. vulgaris and P. lobata were not significantly different from Prima 2000 (control). A uredospore suspension of 2.5 x 10(5) uredospores ml(-1) from plants that showed typical SBR symptoms was made and inoculated on to Prima 2000, a susceptible soybean cultivar. Uredospores from pustules on G. max, L. purpureus, L. angustifolius, P. vulgaris, P. lobata, V. unguiculata, Bonus and PAN 159 produced viable uredospores on PRIMA 2000. These plants are considered alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi. Effect of leaf age on susceptibility of soybean to SBR was tested under controlled environmental conditions. Mean number of lesions as well as lesion size were greater on younger leaves than on older leaves of plants at the same physiological age. Plants at the early vegetative and reproductive stages had a significantly lower number of lesions as well as a smaller lesion size. Plants at the V6 and R1 growth stages were significantly more susceptible to P. pachyrhizi than plants at other developmental stages. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Eco-77® a commercial biological control product, was evaluated for its efficacy as a biological control agent of P. pachyrhizi. Trichoderma harzianum sprayed at the standard concentration on infected soybean plants was significantly more effective in controlling P. pachyrhizi than plants sprayed at 1/2X and 2x the standard concentration. This was noted in both Trial 1 and 2. Data indicate that spraying the filtrate two days after inoculation produces less disease. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) occupies an important position in the world economy of the feedstock of high quality protein and vegetable oils. However, its production is threatened by, Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the rust fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. This fungus is highly dependent on environmental conditions, has a wide range of hosts, and evolves rapidly into novel races, making it difficult to control. In addition, most commercial varieties are susceptible to rust, the rust has already developed resistance to triazole fungicides, and most small-scale farmers cannot afford expensive systemic fungicides to control the disease. The use of resistant varieties is the most viable, long-term option to manage ASR, especially in the small-holder soybean farming sector. This study was therefore designed to undertake the following goals: (i) to identify farmers’ preferred varieties and desired traits, their knowledge of ASR, and other key constraints affecting soybean production in Kenya; (ii) to evaluate soybean accessions for rust resistance, and to determine the correlation of rust resistance with other agronomic traits; (iii) to determine the mode of inheritance for ASR resistance and selected agronomic traits; and (iv) to determine yield stability of soybean advanced lines at multiple sites in Central and Eastern Kenya. To understand farmers’ preferred varietal characteristics, knowledge of ASR and other key constraints to soybean production, a survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire in the major soybean growing areas of Kenya. The farmers preferred local varieties because of their desirable characteristics, which included high yields, early maturity, drought tolerance and seed availability. Although the majority of the participating farmers expressed a willingness to grow improved varieties, financial limitations, seed unavailability and lack of information were the major barriers to their use of improved varieties. High yield, early maturity, adaptability and grain quality were the traits that most farmers sought in an ideal soybean variety. Knowledge of the cause of ASR was limited, and its occurrence was largely attributed to environmental factors, poor soil fertility conditions, poor agronomic practices, physiological maturity and specific species of weeds. Their investments in control methods were minimal due to a lack of technical knowledge, poor access to fungicides, and limited resources. Other constraints faced by soybean farmers included: lack of access to grain markets; lack of knowledge in processing and utilization of soybean grain; the unavailability of seeds; losses to pests and diseases; the lack of inputs such as fertilizers; frequent dry spells; and low yielding varieties. A total of 110 soybean accessions were evaluated for their rust reactions and correlations with selected agronomic traits. These included plant introductions possessing single rust resistant genes (Rpp1-4), tolerant lines, gene bank accessions, commercial varieties and advanced lines. Soybean genotypes varied significantly in their reactions to rust severity, sporulation, lesion type and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values. Genotypes possessing Rpp4 (G10428) and Rpp2 (G8586) resistant genes, and non-characterized genotypes MAK BLD 11.3, GC 00138-29 and Namsoy 4M, were the most resistant accessions, as indicated by low rust severity scores, low AUDPC values, red brown lesions and low sporulation scores. Other genotypes with known resistant genes including G7955 (Rpp3), G58 and Tainung 4 (Rpp1), a few tolerant lines, and one advanced line (BRS Sambaiba) were moderately resistant. All the other advanced lines, commercial varieties, gene bank accessions and collections from the farmers’ fields were highly susceptible to rust. Rust severity was positively correlated with rust sporulation, indicating that reduction of sporulation made a significant contribution towards rust resistance. An F2 population was generated from a half diallel mating design, involving 4 resistant, 2 moderately resistant and 2 susceptible genotypes selected as parents. The F2 populations along with their parents were evaluated in two environments to determine the type of gene action for rust resistance and other quantitative traits in soybeans. The results revealed that both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for most of the traits studied, indicating that both additive gene action and non-additive gene action played a major role in the inheritance of rust resistance and selected agronomic traits. The GCA/SCA ratio was close to unity for rust severity, rust sporulation, days to flowering, days to maturity and plant height. This indicated that additive gene action played a more significant role in the inheritance of these traits than non-additive gene action. Non-additive gene action was only predominant for soybean grain yield. Parental lines G10428, G8586 and Namsoy 4M were the best general combiners for improving rust resistance across the environments. The most promising parents for early flowering were G7955, G8586 and G58. Parent Maksoy 1N was the best general combiner for early maturity while parents Maksoy 1N, G58, G7955 and Nyala contributed effectively towards reduced plant height. Yield stability analysis was conducted for 30 genotypes in 6 environments, using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype main effect and genotype x environment interaction (GGE) biplot analyses. Genotypes 916/5/19 and G7955 were identified as the high yielding and most stable across the environments. On the other hand, genotypes BRS MG46 and Sable were high yielding but unstable and specifically suitable for the environments EM2 and MW2, respectively (both environments have long rainy seasons). Environment EM2 was identified as the most discriminating and representative among the six environments. Environments IG1 and MW1 (short rainy seasons) were less informative on genotypes tested, as confirmed by short environment vectors. Environment EM1 was better for discriminating genotypes but was a poor representative of the test environments, hence it should only be utilized for developing specifically adapted genotypes. Further analysis using GGE biplot approach grouped the environments into three putative mega-environments in Central and Eastern Kenya. Overall, this study established the need to educate farmers on the cause of ASR, to develop ASR resistant varieties, and to incorporate farmers’ desired traits in the breeding programme, especially by the use of participatory breeding approaches. The resistant and moderately resistant genotypes identified in this study could be used as sources of resistant genes to develop ASR resistant varieties in Kenya. This study also established that genetic improvement for ASR resistance and selected agronomic traits in soybeans is possible based on the use of recurrent selection breeding procedures that result in the accumulation of additive gene effects. Selection of late segregating generations would be effective for soybean grain yield improvement. This study identified potential parents for ASR resistance and selected agronomic traits, but they require further breeding to improve on farmers’ desired traits. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (Ph.D)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.