Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of partially substituting fishmeal with 4 soybean products and mineral supplemental levels in diet of juvenile cobia Racycentron canadum. Experiment ¢¹studied the effects of partially substituting fishmeal with 4 soybean products in diet of juvenile cobia. Experiment ¢º investigated the effects of mineral supplement levels in the growth and body retention of zinc and phosphorus when high percentage of fishmeal in the diet was replaced by hexaned-extracted soybean meal or fermented soybean meal. In Experiment ¢¹, cobia juveniles with an initial weight of 58¡Ó1 g were fed eight experimental diets and a fish meal-based basal diet. The experimental diets were of a 2 (Soybean replacement level: 20 and 40 % of fishmeal protein) ¡Ñ 4 (soybean products) experimental design. The 4 soybean products evaluated were solvent-extracted soybean meal (SES), defatted fermented soybean meal (DFS), soybean meal reduced antinutritional factor (ROS) and soy protein concentrate (SPC). The results of the 8-week feeding trail showed that the growth, FCR, PER and NPU of the fish fed with the 40% ROS diet were significantly worse than these of the other groups. Apparent digestibility (%) of dry matter (ADMD), protein (APD) and lipid (ALD) of all diets were not significantly different. In experiment ¢º, eight experiment diets were tested. The first group was a 2¡Ñ3 factorial design, in which SES replacement levels were 40 and 50%, and mineral supplemental levels were 0.5¡Ñ, 1¡Ñ and 2¡Ñ of the regular supplemental level. The second group tested 50% replacement by FS and mineral supplemental level of 0.5¡Ñ and 1¡Ñ the regular supplemental level. The results of the 8-week feeding trail using the juvenile cobia with an initial weight of 72.3¡Ó0.52 g showed that growth of the fish fed with fermented soybean (FS) diets was significantly inferior to that fed with SES diets at 50% replacement level, especially mineral supplemental levels were 1x or less. The fish fed 2 FS diets were not significantly different on feed conversion ratio, net protein utilization and growth. Protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed with the FS diets was only significantly inferior to that fed 40% 1¡Ñ SES diet. Body and vertebrate zinc concentrations of the cobia that fed FS diets were higher than the SES diet groups. Moreover, the fish fed with SES diets at 40% replacement level were higher than that fed at 50% replacement level. At a same mineral supplemental level, phosphorus concentrations in body of the fish fed with FS diets were higher than that fed SES diet. Phosphorus and ash concentrations in vertebrate of the fish fed with all diets were not significantly different. When replacement level was increased from 20 to 40%, the fish that fed with the SES and DFS diets had better growth and condition factor . Fermentation of soybean increased availability of trace minerals such as zinc. Addition of mineral supplemental 2x levels in diet of juvenile cobia apparent to have negative growth effects. Moreover, 0.5x and 1x levels have the same growth promoting effect. The results suggest that reduction from the regular mineral mixture up to 50 % still support the mineral requirements of the cobia.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1940. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68).

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing animal production sector. Because the aquaculture sector is growing at rapid rates, certain materials for feed, specifically marine protein sources, are becoming increasingly expensive and unsustainable. To counteract the reliance on fishmeal (FM) and other marine protein sources in the industry plant protein (PP), specifically soybean meal (SBM), has been investigated to replace FM as a protein source. Unfortunately, SBM when given in high quantities (greater than 30%) has been shown to negatively affect fish performance including retarded growth, intestinal inflammation, reduction of spawn quality, as well as dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, most likely due to presence of antinutritional factors such as saponins and tannins in SBM. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the effect of nutritional programming (NP) with SBM-based diet on gut microbiota in broodstock and progeny fish. Three feedings trials were conducted to test the efficacy of 3 approaches towards improving the use of PP in fish.The first trial (Chapter 2), tested the effect of NP on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). NP is the theory of introducing an early nutritional stimulus to an animal that will ‘program’ the animal to better utilize the stimuli later in its adult life. The zebrafish were programmed in their larval stages, and the trial lasted for 65 days. There was a significant effect on growth performance for the programmed group (NP-PP) in terms of weight gains, as the NP-PP group grew better compared to the non-programmed group (NP-FM) and negative control (-control). There was no significant effect on the gut microbiome in terms of alpha or beta diversity, however, there were significant changes in the relative abundance (RA) of the gut microbiome throughout time in the NP-PP and the NP-FM groups. The findings of the study support that early NP of zebrafish with SBM improves growth performance on PP diet, but the gut microbiome does not seem to be a mechanism for NP.The second feeding trial (Chapter 3) focused on NP induced in the zebrafish broodstock with dietary SBM. For two weeks, the broodstock fish were fed with either a SBM diet or a FM diet so that gametogenesis occurred with either a FM or PP diet. This phase was called the ‘broodstock programming’ stage. The broodstock were then spawned, and the larval fish were separated into four different treatments: 1) SBM broodstock progeny, fed SBM for the entire trial (PPBS-PP) 2) SBM broodstock progeny fed FM the entire trial (PPBS-FM), 3) FM broodstock progeny fed FM the entire trial (+ control, FMBS-FM), and 4) FM broodstock progeny fed SBM the entire trial (- control, FMBS-PP). The PPBS-PP group achieved similar weight gains compared to all other treatments in terms of grams, but was numerically greater than the FMBS-PP treatment. There were no differences detected in gut microbiome alpha or beta diversity in any of the groups, however, there was significant change observed of certain bacterial phyla between the ‘programmed broodstock’, larval fish, and fish at the end of the trial, 48 days post hatch. Overall, this trial suggests that parental programming does not improve PP utilization in the progeny of zebrafish. It also appears that the gut microbiome is not a mechanism of parental programming. The third feeding trial (Chapter 4), was conducted on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This chapter had a similar experimental design as the first trial (Chapter 2), and larval largemouth bass were programmed with dietary SBM. This trial had an additional group added to it, which included a dietary saponin-programmed group. The study found that the NP with SBM diet or dietary saponin did not improve PP utilization and growth performance of largemouth bass in its pre-adult age. The study also found that the NP with SBM diet or dietary saponin did not have any effect on the largemouth bass gut microbiome, and there does not seem to be any gut microbiome modification associated with the NP in this fish species. Overall, NP can be used to improve dietary PP utilization but optimal timing and PP delivery method must be well assessed to ensure successful PP exposure and adaptation in different species. Nevertheless, the gut microbiome does not seem to be affected by NP and therefore is not considered the mechanism behind NP. Finally, studies on both zebrafish and largemouth bass presented major shifts in the gut microbiome as the fish aged. In addition, the core microbiomes of both species appeared to become more pronounced as the fish become adults. There seem to be an evolutionary tie between host and its gut microbiome. More studies, however, should further investigate this and the genetic effects on gut microbiota development and its heritability.

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Six fungi, Pestalotiopsis westerdijkii QM:381, Myrothecium verrucaria QM:460, Aspergillus terrus QM:72f, Chaetomium globosum QM:459, Basidiomycetes sp. QM:806, Trichoderma viride QM:6a were screened according to their ability to elaborate an extracellular enzyme system which has the highest soy fiber-degrading activity and the highest carboxymethylcellulase activity. Pestalotiopsis westerdijkii QM:481 gave the most potent extracellular enzyme system. When Pestalotiopsis westerdijkii was grown on a wheat bran medium at a temperature of 31.5°C for ten days, it elaborated the most potent extracellular enzyme system. It was found that the optimum conditions for this extracellular enzyme system, acting on soy residue for the purpose of making soy residue protein available for extraction, were pH 4.6 and 38°C. Treating one gram of soy residue, 40 ml (32 mg Nitrogen) enzyme preparation, at the optimum pH and temperature for 20 hours caused the most efficient extraction of protein. There was an increase in the amount of soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, glucose and galactose due to the action of enzyme on soy residue. The amount of non-protein nitrogen in the extractable fraction of soy residue after treatment with enzyme preparation or water increase with the increase of incubation time even in the presence of toluene which prevents bacterial contamination. This is probably due to the action of proteases from the soybean and enzyme preparation. In large scale experiments, when 40 ml (32 mg Nitrogen) of the enzyme preparation per gram of soy residue were used, about 60% of the soy residue protein was made available for water extraction and the yield of extractable protein in soy milk was increased by 20%. Feeding experiments using treated or untreated soy residue and soy milk showed that the treated milk contains protein of higher quality and better digestibility when compared to untreated soy milk or treated residue. The most limiting amino acid in these products is methionine. The amino acid composition of these products was very much the same. / Ph. D.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jason C. Woodworth / A total of 6,465 nursery pigs were used in 8 experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on nursery pig growth performance. A LP × FSBM interaction was detected for G:F, where LP and FSBM individually improved G:F, but the effect was not additive. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of increasing levels of LP on nursery pig performance. No evidence for differences in growth performance were observed among dietary treatments. Experiment 3 and 4 examined the effects of fish meal source and level on nursery pig growth performance. Overall, a source × level interaction for ADG, G:F and final BW was observed as increasing fish meal source 1 improved ADG and G:F; however, pigs fed fish meal source 2 had improved ADG and G:F at 3%, but decreased at 6%. Pigs fed fish meal source 3 had no further improvements in ADG and G:F beyond the 3% inclusion. No evidence for differences were detected between the dietary treatments for ADFI. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of feeding fish solubles on nursery pig performance. Pigs fed diets with fish meal had increased ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was no evidence for differences in growth performance as fish solubles increased. Experiment 6 and 7 investigated the effects of enzymatically-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on nursery pig performance. Results indicated that nursery pigs fed diets with greater than 9% of ESBM resulted in decreased ADFI and final BW. Experiment 8 evaluated the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on nursery pig performance. Increasing dEB in diets from weaning to 21-d after weaning resulted in an increase in ADG and BW, which was the result of a marginally significant improvement in ADFI and G:F. Finally, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimal strategy for collecting and submitting samples that adequately describe the nutrient levels in diets collected from a commercial swine facility. Sampling feeders with a probe resulted in less variability on an individual basis, but seemed to get washed out when individual samples were pooled to form a composite sample.

Broilers are nearing their genetic potential and nutritional strategies are the primary means to improve their performance. Improving raw material quality, especially soybean meal, could improve broiler performance, health and welfare. Inadequate processing of soybean meal leads to high residual anti-nutritional factors (ANF) which has a negative influence on broiler performance. High trypsin inhibitor content in low- quality soybean meal causes decreased protein digestion and absorption. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal quality of soybean meal for commercial use to promote performance and welfare parameters of broiler chickens. Ten dietary treatments were formulated to the same nutritional specifications, but with different soybean meals that ranged from very high-quality (Treatment 1) to the lowest quality (Treatment 10). The quality of soybean meal was determined using Table 2.1 as target values for each soybean meal quality parameter. Soybean meal quality was evaluated using urease levels (pH change), TIA (trypsin inhibitor activity), Evonik TIA, KOH (potassium hydroxide solubility), Evonik KOH, Evonik PDI (protein dispersibility index) and Evonik PCI (processing conditions indicator). The treatment diets were fed to 4800 broilers that were randomly allocated to 80 pens, each with 60 birds and eight replicates. Over a 35-day growth trial, broiler performance, welfare and physiological traits were measured on a weekly basis. Overall, improved performance was observed with higher-quality soybean meal outperforming the lower-quality soybean meal. High-quality soybean meal showed significantly better feed conversion ratio’s (FCR) and European performance efficiency factor (PEF) throughout the 35-day period, and significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) up until day 21. Bodyweight (BW), feed intake (FI) and mortality showed no significant differences irrespective of soybean meal quality. No significant differences were found in physiological traits namely: pancreas weight as a percentage of bodyweight, pancreas length to bodyweight ratio, gizzard and proventriculus weight as a percentage of bodyweight and gizzard erosion score, (PW%BW, PL:BW, GPV%BW, GE score) irrespective of soybean meal quality. High quality soybean meal showed lower incidence and lower severity of rapid feed passage (RFP) and foot pad dermatitis (FPD). Evonik PCI and urease levels (pH change) showed the strongest correlation to broiler performance, health and welfare. This study suggests using soybean meal with the following quality parameters: urease levels of around 0.05, TIA levels of below 4mg/g, KOH levels of 78-80%, PDI levels of around 15 and PCI levels of around 11. The Evonik PCI and urease (pH change) analyses for soybean meal quality was found to be the easiest and cheapest method and can be recommended as the primary quality assays for commercial feed companies in the future. / Dissertation (BSc (Agric) Animal Science)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / AFGRI / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / BSc (Agric) Animal Science / Restricted

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 Z48 / Master of Science

Foram utilizados 504 pintos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, de 1 dia de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 18 tratamentos com 4 repetições pelo período de 21 dias, para determinar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fósforo (BRP) em milho, cevada e farelo de soja sem e com a adição de fitase microbiana à dieta. Foram adicionados dois níveis de fitase (0 ou 750 FTU/kg de ração) e dois níveis de fósforo suplementar (0,05 ou 0,10%) à dieta basal semi-purificada com baixo nível de fósforo total (0,40%) sendo a fonte padrão de fósforo o fosfato bicálcico. Ao término do experimento, foram removidas as tíbias esquerdas e os dedos médios direitos para posterior análise de cinzas ósseas. A BRP para cada fonte orgânica foi calculada pelo método do slope ratio através da regressão dos valores de peso de cinzas na tíbia em função dos níveis de fósforo suplementar ingerido (mg/dia). Os valores de BRP para milho, cevada e farelo de soja sem a adição de fitase foram 55,4; 122,4 e 70,4%, respectivamente. Com a adição de fitase estes valores foram para 170,1; 153,6 e 156,40%, respectivamente / Five hundred and four male Cobb chicks were used in a 21 days trial to determine the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (RBP) in corn, barley and soybean meal, with and without addition of microbial phytase (0 or 750 FYT/kg of diet) and two levels of suplemmentary phosphorus (0.05 ou 0.10%). Suplemmentary phosphorus and microbial phytase were added to the basal diet, which had been semi-purified and had had low levels of total phosphorus (0.40%), being dicalcium phosphate the pattern source of phosphorus. Animals were randomly assigned into 18 treatments with four repetitions each one. By the end of the experiment, animals left tibiae and right medium fingers were removed for later ashes analysis. A RBP for each organic phosphorus source was calculated by the slope ratio method, through regression analysis of tibiae ashes weight data in function of ingested levels of suplemmentary phosphorus (mg/day) data. The values of RBP for corn, barley and soybean meal without phytase were 55.4, 122.4 and 70.4%, respectively. However, the RBP values for corn, barley and soybean meal with phytase were 170.1, 153.6 and 156.40%, respectively