O trabalho reflete sobre a paisagem, o ambiente e os espaços livres de Suzano, município situado na bacia do Alto Tietê Cabeceiras, que faz parte da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Inicialmente, desenvolve-se a análise de conceitos voltados à ecologia de paisagens e do sistema de espaços livres públicos. Em seguida, faz-se uma aproximação da paisagem e do sistema de espaços livres do município, objetivando compreender a diversidade de suas paisagens, bem como do seu ambiente nos distritos que o compõem. Após esta compreensão retoma-se novamente o conceito voltado à ecologia de paisagens, para que este possa ser utilizado na constituição de uma proposta de sistema de espaços livres públicos para o território, buscando a valorização das suas paisagens, assim como do ambiente. Ao final, verifica-se quais são os entraves existentes na gestão pública, que dificultam a implementação de políticas ambientais no país. / The goal of this dissertation is to study the impact of landscape and open spaces on the environment in urban areas. The focus will be on the city of Suzano, which is located at the basin of Alto Tietê Cabeceiras and is part f the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The first part of the study will focus on ecological concepts of landscapes and open spaces of the city. After, we aim to better understand the diversity of the open spaces within these territories and how they shape and mold the terrain and effect the local environment. Once an informed and educated analysis is achieved, the goal is then to establish a proposal to implement an open space program for the surrounding Suzano area that would both bring better quality of life and value to the city and their inhabitants. Finally, we plan to point out what obstacles and barriers might exist in within the government for implementation of these policies.

O trabalho reflete sobre a paisagem, o ambiente e os espaços livres de Suzano, município situado na bacia do Alto Tietê Cabeceiras, que faz parte da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Inicialmente, desenvolve-se a análise de conceitos voltados à ecologia de paisagens e do sistema de espaços livres públicos. Em seguida, faz-se uma aproximação da paisagem e do sistema de espaços livres do município, objetivando compreender a diversidade de suas paisagens, bem como do seu ambiente nos distritos que o compõem. Após esta compreensão retoma-se novamente o conceito voltado à ecologia de paisagens, para que este possa ser utilizado na constituição de uma proposta de sistema de espaços livres públicos para o território, buscando a valorização das suas paisagens, assim como do ambiente. Ao final, verifica-se quais são os entraves existentes na gestão pública, que dificultam a implementação de políticas ambientais no país. / The goal of this dissertation is to study the impact of landscape and open spaces on the environment in urban areas. The focus will be on the city of Suzano, which is located at the basin of Alto Tietê Cabeceiras and is part f the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The first part of the study will focus on ecological concepts of landscapes and open spaces of the city. After, we aim to better understand the diversity of the open spaces within these territories and how they shape and mold the terrain and effect the local environment. Once an informed and educated analysis is achieved, the goal is then to establish a proposal to implement an open space program for the surrounding Suzano area that would both bring better quality of life and value to the city and their inhabitants. Finally, we plan to point out what obstacles and barriers might exist in within the government for implementation of these policies.

Co-workers who are physically distributed in the same building often obtain information about others through the windows in office doors. Using the information gathered by looking through the window, they can determine whether it is a good time to initiate a conversation with the occupant. There are, however, two problems with ordinary glass windows. First, there are times when the window does not provide enough information, such as when the occupant is away. Second, there is potential to violate the occupants privacy; as a result of the privacy risk, people often cover their windows entirely. If office windows are to work efficiently as a support for collaboration, there must be a balance between awareness and privacy. In this research, I augmented the functions of a physical office window with a computer-mediated replacement called the Magic Window. The Magic Window collects video of the occupant, mediates the signal in various ways, and then presents the altered view on a screen that replaces the glass window. The Magic Window provides a better balance of awareness and privacy in office settings by allowing occupant to differentiate the amount of awareness information based on the viewer. The Magic Window system was tested in an eight-month field trial. The trial showed that the augmented window did provide a balance of privacy and awareness, and also raised a number of issues that will aid the design of future design of co-present media spaces.

Co-workers who are physically distributed in the same building often obtain information about others through the windows in office doors. Using the information gathered by looking through the window, they can determine whether it is a good time to initiate a conversation with the occupant. There are, however, two problems with ordinary glass windows. First, there are times when the window does not provide enough information, such as when the occupant is away. Second, there is potential to violate the occupants privacy; as a result of the privacy risk, people often cover their windows entirely. If office windows are to work efficiently as a support for collaboration, there must be a balance between awareness and privacy. In this research, I augmented the functions of a physical office window with a computer-mediated replacement called the Magic Window. The Magic Window collects video of the occupant, mediates the signal in various ways, and then presents the altered view on a screen that replaces the glass window. The Magic Window provides a better balance of awareness and privacy in office settings by allowing occupant to differentiate the amount of awareness information based on the viewer. The Magic Window system was tested in an eight-month field trial. The trial showed that the augmented window did provide a balance of privacy and awareness, and also raised a number of issues that will aid the design of future design of co-present media spaces.

The security objectives enforce the security policy, which defines what is to be protected in a network environment. The violation of these security objectives induces security threats. We introduce an explicit notion of security objectives for a security protocol. This notion should precede the formal verification process. In the absence of such a notion, the security protocol may be proven correct despite the fact that it is not equipped to defend against all potential threats. In order to establish the correctness of security objectives, we present a formal model that provides basis for the formal verification of security protocols. We also develop the modal logic, proof based, and multi-agent approaches using the Strand Space framework. In our modal logic approach, we present the logical constructs to model a protocol's behavior in such a way that the participants can verify different security parameters by looking at their own run of the protocol. In our proof based model, we present a generic set of proofs to establish the correctness of a security protocol. We model the 802.11i protocol into our proof based system and then perform the formal verification of the authentication property. The intruder in our model is imbued with powerful capabilities and repercussions to possible attacks are evaluated. Our analysis proves that the authentication of 802.11i is not compromised in the presented model. We further demonstrate how changes in our model will yield a successful man-in-the-middle attack. Our multi-agent approach includes an explicit notion of multi-agent, which was missing in the Strand Space framework. The limitation of Strand Space framework is the assumption that all the information available to a principal is either supplied initially or is contained in messages received by that principal. However, other important information may also be available to a principal in a security setting, such as a principal may combine information from different roles played by him in a protocol to launch a powerful attack. Our presented approach models the behavior of a distributed system as a multi-agent system. The presented model captures the combined information, the formal model of knowledge, and the belief of agents over time. After building this formal model, we present a formal proof of authentication of the 4-way handshake of the 802.11i protocol.

A vegetation survey was conducted at plant community level within the boundaries of Richards Bay Municipal area during 2001 to 2002. Relevés was randomly selected and floristic information was recorded for 310 sample plots and was referenced by GPS. The data were captured in TURBOVEG data base, for vegetation data and classified using the TWINSPAN numerical classification algorithm. Phytosociological tables were compiled using the MAGATAB computerized table management program. Thirteen plant communities were identified, described and characterized by diagnostic and dominant species occurring in them. The study in general showed that vegetation in the Richards Bay Municipal area has deteriorated considerably over the last 30 years. The study indicated that wetland communities occupy a relatively small area and has become relatively degraded within the study area. It is recommended that Richards Bay Town Council plan the Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) bringing the ecological areas of importance into consideration and that all new developments in the Richards Bay area be subjected to proper ecological investigation as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Science / unrestricted

The first European commercial research facility aboard the ISS, Space Applications Services' ICF, provides a platform for standardized plug-and-play experiments called ICE Cubes. The ICE Cubes Service provides engineering and operational support for ICE Cubes missions. In order to facilitate rapid and affordable access to space, a programmatic choice was made to mainly use COTS components in Cube design. As part of a company-internal project to develop a generic ICE Cubes platform for biological experiments, a scientific requirements document was drawn up in cooperation with interested scientists. A decision was made to aim for an experiment size of 2U (200x100x100mm). The main scientific requirements are to accommodate six reaction chambers (referred to as "wells") of standardized size; to control the temperature at well level to remain in the nominal interval of (37 +- 1)C; to accommodate a combined volume of 230ml of fluids; to provide capability to image each of the wells; and to allow for freezing of the biological payload to -80C for return to ground. The development of a prototype design for this platform, dubbed BioCube, is the topic of this thesis. Technical requirements were derived, and a functional breakdown was defined. From this, the system was partitioned into five subsystems: Thermal, Imaging/Avionics, Structure, Software, and the biological Payload. The development of the biological system is considered beyond the scope of this thesis, and the development of the software beyond that required for prototyping is left for a later stage in the design process, as significant heritage exists from previous experiments. Using a rapid prototyping approach, a prototype design for this experiment has been developed. The proposed solution utilizes a (205x104x101)mm outer structure, manufactured from aluminium and closed with two lids on the small faces. Inside, the system is split into a 3D printed avionics compartment and a payload compartment, surrounded by an air gap serving as thermal insulation. The payload compartment structure consists of aluminium, closed on one face with a transparent material through which the samples can be imaged, and provides a sealed interface connector for exchange of power and data. Both the outer structure and the payload compartment are sealed at the interfaces using O-ring seals, providing a combined two levels of biosafety containment to the payload. Manual latches on one of the lids of the outer structure allow it to be opened and the payload compartment to be extracted.The system avionics are based on a Raspberry Pi Zero with USB & Ethernet Hub and Motor Control expansion boards. A 5W silicon heating pad attached to the inside of the payload compartment provides heating, and is controlled using a PWM signal from the motor control board.Two cameras arranged in parallel are used to image wells arranged in two rows, reducing the required motion. One axis motion is implemented using a leadscrew mechanism actuated by a DC motor, driven by the motor control board. Prototyping has been performed on nearly every part of the proposed design. The leadscrew assembly has been successfully tested, and tests on a thermal model have successfully demonstrated binary thermal control achieving the nominal temperature range. Some points regarding the design remain to be defined, and more thorough verification and validation of the design remains to be performed. / La première installation de recherche commerciale européenne à bord de l'ISS, l'ICF de Space Applications Services, fournit une plateforme pour des expériences standardisées prêtes à l'emploi appelées ICE Cubes. Le ICE Cubes Service fournit un soutien technique et opérationnel pour les missions ICE Cubes. Afin de faciliter un accès rapide et abordable à l'espace, un choix programmatique a été fait d'utiliser principalement les composants COTS dans la conception des expériences. Dans le cadre d'un projet interne à l'entreprise visant à développer une plateforme ICE Cubes générique pour les expériences biologiques, un document sur les exigences scientifiques a été rédigé en coopération avec les scientifiques intéressés et il a été décidé de viser une taille d'expérience de 2 U (200x100x100 mm). Les principales exigences scientifiques sont les suivantes : accueillir 6 chambres de réaction ("puits") de la taille des puits d'une plaque à 6 puits ; contrôler la température au niveau des puits pour qu'elle reste dans l'intervalle nominal de (37 +- 1)C ; accueillir un volume combiné de 230ml de fluides ; fournir la capacité d'imager chacun des puits; et permettre la congélation de la charge utile biologique à -80\,$^\circ$C pour le retour au sol. Le développement d'un prototype de plate-forme, baptisé BioCube, est le sujet de cette thèse. Les exigences techniques ont été dérivées, et un découpage fonctionnel a été défini. A partir de là, le système a été divisé en cinq sous-systèmes : Thermique, Imagerie/Avionique, Structure, Logiciel, et la charge utile biologique. Le développement du système biologique est considéré comme hors de portée de cette thèse, et le développement du logiciel au-delà de ce qui est nécessaire pour le prototypage est laissé pour une étape ultérieure dans le processus de conception, car il existe un héritage important des expériences précédentes. En utilisant une approche de prototypage rapide, une conception de prototype pour cette expérience a été développée. La solution proposée utilise une structure extérieure de (205x104x101)mm, fabriquée en aluminium et fermée par deux couvercles sur les petites faces. À l'intérieur, le système est divisé en un compartiment avionique imprimé en 3D et un compartiment de charge utile, entourés d'une lame d'air servant d'isolation thermique. Le compartiment de la charge utile est en aluminium, fermé sur une face par un matériau transparent, à travers lequel les échantillons peuvent être imagés, et fournit un connecteur d'interface scellé pour l'échange d'énergie et de données. La structure extérieure et le compartiment de la charge utile sont scellés aux interfaces à l'aide de joints toriques, offrant ainsi deux niveaux combinés de confinement de biosécurité à la charge utile. Des loquets manuels sur l'un des couvercles de la structure extérieure permettent de l'ouvrir et d'extraire le compartiment de la charge utile.L'avionique du système est basée sur un Raspberry Pi Zero avec des cartes d'extension USB & Ethernet Hub et Motor Control.Un coussin chauffant en silicone de 5W fixé à l'intérieur du compartiment de la charge utile, assure le chauffage et est contrôlé par un signal PWM provenant de la carte de contrôle du moteur.Deux caméras disposées en parallèle sont utilisées pour imager les puits disposés sur deux rangées, ce qui réduit le mouvement nécessaire. Le mouvement sur un axe est réalisé à l'aide d'un mécanisme de vis sans fin actionné par un moteur à courant continu, piloté par la carte de commande du moteur. Le prototypage a été effectué sur presque toutes les parties de la conception proposée. L'assemblage de la vis sans fin a été testé avec succès, et les tests sur un modèle thermique ont démontré avec succès que le contrôle thermique binaire atteint la plage de température nominale. Certains points concernant la conception restent à définir, et une vérification et une validation plus approfondies de la conception restent à effectuer.

Concurrent Design studies have become of great importance in the space industry reducing the time and costs associated to the feasibility assessments for future space missions. This has also helped companies and space agencies to be at the forefront of this fast-developing sector. These collaborative sessions are carried out by an interdisciplinary group of engineers, experts and customers who are capable of achieving an optimal design solution within a short period of time, typically a few weeks. They make use of dedicated tools, like COMET® which is developed by RHEA Group, to store and share the data within the team, as well as with other partners or stakeholders. As new software tools are developed for Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) applications, parallel improvements are needed for Concurrent Engineering teams, since this can be one of the first steps for a model-based approach. One of the main constraints during Concurrent Design studies is the limited number of analysed options, since evaluating the entire design space would require longer sessions and increased time availability from the experts, and would consequently result in more expensive projects. One solution for this problem can be the application of generative engineering technologies to Concurrent Design studies. This method would allow to explore the entire design space by first defining the study model together with the system constraints, and then using a software to automatically generate all the possible architecture variants for that specific model. An example of state-of-the-art technologies for generative design is Simcenter™ Studio, a recently released tool from Siemens Digital Industries Software. The complexity of space missions requires a very detailed definition and evaluation of the system architecture, even at the early stages of the design process. Therefore, research is needed on the use and implementation of new methodologies that will tackle the challenges related to Concurrent Design. The context of the research presented in this thesis is the new project proposed by RHEA Group, Siemens and OHB, called Generative Concurrent Design (GCD). It aims to combine their software tools COMET® and Simcenter Studio, bringing generative engineering to Concurrent Design. One of the main advantages is achieving more optimised solutions in shorter times, reducing the number of necessary iterations on the system architecture during the entire project lifecycle. An enhanced feature of this tool is the possibility for the users to explore the solutions trade space with the support of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based system. This thesis presents and demonstrates the application of the GCD methodology to a use case at system level, focused on the evaluation of configuration and assembly options in the design of a spacecraft. Using the mission EnVision, selected in 2021 by ESA’s Science Programme Committee, as the design baseline, the GCD methodology has been implemented in this use case study making use of both software tools and showing potential future features and applications. / Les études de conception concourante ont pris une grande importance dans l'industrie spatiale, en réduisant le temps et les coûts associés aux évaluations de faisabilité des futures missions spatiales. Cela a également permis aux entreprises et aux agences spatiales d'être à l'avant-garde de ce secteur en plein essor. Ces sessions de collaboration sont menées par un groupe interdisciplinaire d'ingénieurs, d'experts et de clients qui sont capables d'obtenir une solution de conception optimale dans un délai court, généralement quelques semaines. Ils utilisent des outils dédiés, comme COMET® qui est développé par RHEA Group, pour stocker et partager les données au sein de l'équipe, ainsi qu'avec d'autres partenaires ou parties prenantes. Au fur et à mesure que de nouveaux outils logiciels sont développés pour les applications d'ingénierie des systèmes basés sur les modèles (MBSE), des améliorations parallèles sont nécessaires pour les équipes d'ingénierie concourante, car cela peut constituer l'une des premières étapes d'une approche basée sur les modèles. L'une des principales contraintes lors des études de conception concourante est le nombre limité d'options analysées, car l'évaluation de l'ensemble de l'espace de conception nécessiterait des sessions plus longues et une plus grande disponibilité des experts, ce qui se traduirait par des projets plus coûteux.  Une solution à ce problème pourrait être l'application des technologies d'ingénierie générative aux études de conception concourante. Cette méthode permettrait d'explorer l'ensemble de l'espace de conception en définissant d'abord le modèle d'étude ainsi que les contraintes du système, puis en utilisant un logiciel pour générer automatiquement toutes les variantes possibles du système pour ce modèle spécifique. Un exemple de technologies de pointe pour la conception générative est Simcenter™ Studio, un outil récemment publié par Siemens Digital Industries Software.  La complexité des missions spatiales exige une définition et une évaluation très détaillées de l'architecture du système, même aux premiers stades du processus de conception. Par conséquent, des recherches sont nécessaires sur l'utilisation et la mise en œuvre de nouvelles méthodologies qui permettront de relever les défis liés à la conception concourante. Le contexte de la recherche présentée dans cette thèse est le nouveau projet proposé par RHEA Group, Siemens et OHB, appelé Conception Concurrente Générative (Generative Concurrent Design ou GCD en anglais). Il vise à combiner leurs outils logiciels COMET® et Simcenter Studio, en apportant l'ingénierie générative à la conception concourante. L'un des principaux avantages est de parvenir à des solutions plus optimisées dans des délais plus courts, en réduisant le nombre d'itérations nécessaires sur l'architecture du système pendant tout le cycle de vie du projet. Une caractéristique améliorée de cet outil est la possibilité, pour les utilisateurs, d'explorer l'espace commercial des solutions avec le soutien d'un système basé sur l'intelligence artificielle (IA). Cette thèse présente et démontre l'application de la méthodologie GCD à un cas d'utilisation au niveau système, centré sur l'évaluation des options de configuration et d'assemblage dans la conception d'un vaisseau spatial. En utilisant la mission EnVision, sélectionnée en 2021 par le Comité du Programme Scientifique de l'ESA, comme base de conception, la méthodologie GCD a été mise en œuvre dans cette étude de cas d'utilisation, en employant les deux outils logiciels et en montrant les fonctionnalités et applications potentielles futures.

Este trabalho busca demonstrar a importância do Sistema de Espaços Livres na estruturação do ambiente urbano, tendo como recorte espacial um bairro consolidado da cidade de Maceió. Destacam-se os conflitos e potenciais encontrados no Sistema de Espaços Livres Públicos (SELP) desta cidade e, de um modo mais específico, da área selecionada para análise: o bairro Benedito Bentes. Esta análise compreende também uma leitura das formas de apropriação dos espaços livres públicos, especialmente as ruas, e estudos sobre a frequência de uso de determinados espaços - em particular os campos de futebol criados pelos próprios moradores em áreas ainda não ocupadas por edificações, que revelam a necessidade de implantação de espaços destinados ao lazer e à recreação para suprir a demanda existente, constatada por meio deste estudo. / This work focuses in the importance of the Open Space System in the structuring of the urban environment, based on a consolidated neighborhood of Maceió city. Detach the conflicts and potential found on Public Open Space System of this city and, specifically, selected area for analysis: the Benedito Bentes neighborhood. This analysis also comprises an observation about appropriation forms Public Open Space, especially the streets, and studies of use frequency of certain spaces - in particular, the football fields created by the dwellers in areas not occupied by buildings, which show the need of deployment of spaces for leisure and recreation to cater existing demand, evidenced by this study.

This document presents a methodology that (using tunable finite element models) allow validating during the development phase of the project, the behavior that equipment and mechanical systems will have once they are installed in microgravity. To achieve this purpose, a general methodology is developed initially. It can be applied to any space system or equipment necessary to know the behavior of any engineering parameter in case this parameter is affected by the particular space conditions. Later, the general methodology in applied over the VIF System. Thus, a concrete methodology for a mechanical system (VIF System) is developed in order to analyze a set of mechanical parameters that allow predicting on ground the mechanical behavior of this system once it is in microgravity. Once defined the mechanical parameters that are required to be analyzed and characterized form the VIF System (forces, moments, velocities, accelerations, etc), then the test phase started. In this phase, test equipment is developed and the VIF System is installed on. The VIF System is externally excited and it is acquired the VIF System behavior, for different levels of excitement, using the appropriate sensors (accelerometers, strain gauges, position sensors, etc). In this way, it is obtained the characterization of VIF System on ground. Once the VIF system has been already characterized on ground, a finite element model (FEM) of the VIF System is performed. This model is properly characterized to achieve the same behavior that the VIF System showed during previous tests. Finally, the FEM model is modified applying a zero gravity condition. This allows getting the VIF System behavior under these particular microgravity conditions. / El present treball planteja una metodologia que, basant-se fonamentalment en models d’elements finits caracteritzables, permet analitzar, a la fase de desenvolupament del projecte, el comportament que equips i sistemes mecànics tindran un cop es trobin instal•lats en condicions de microgravetat. Per aconseguir aquest propòsit, inicialment es desenvolupa una metodologia general que permet ser aplicada a qualsevol equip o sistema espacial on sigui necessari conèixer el comportament de qualsevol paràmetre d’enginyeria que es trobi afectat per les particulars condicions de l’espai. Posteriorment, la teoria general es particularitza pel cas concret d’un sistema mecànic, el Sistema VIF, plantejant així una metodologia particular que permet predir a terra el comportament que tindran un seguit de paràmetres mecànics quan el Sistema VIF es trobi en condicions de microgravetat. Un cop definits els paràmetres mecànics que es volen analitzar i caracteritzar del Sistema VIF (forces, moments, velocitats, acceleracions, etc), s’inicia la fase de test. En aquesta fase es desenvolupa un equip de test on s’hi instal•la el Sistema VIF. L’excitació externa que s’efectua sobre el Sistema VIF permet recollir, usant els sensors adients (acceleròmetres, galgues extensomètriques, sensors de posició, etc), el comportament del Sistema VIF per diferents nivells d’excitació. D’aquesta manera, s’obté la caracterització del Sistema VIF a terra. Una vegada es disposa del Sistema VIF ja caracteritzat a terra, cal realitzat un model d’elements finits (FEM) del Sistema VIF. Aquest model es caracteritza adequadament per tal que assoleixi el mateix comportament que mostrava el Sistema VIF durant la fase de tests. Finalment, s’aplica sobre el model FEM la condició d’ingravidesa imposant un valor de gravetat nul•la. D’aquesta manera, s’obté el comportament del Sistema VIF en aquestes particulars condicions de microgravetat que proporciona l’espai.