This thesis describes methods for using spectral interferometry for the complete space-time characterisation of few-cycle near-infrared femtosecond pulses and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulses produced via high harmonic generation (HHG). Few-cycle pulses tend to exhibit one or more of the following: (1) an octave-spanning bandwidth, (2) a highly modulated spectrum and (3) space-time coupling. These characteristics, coupled with the desire to measure them in a single-shot (to characterise shot-to-shot fluctuations) and in real-time (for online optimisation and control) causes problems for conventional characterisation techniques. The first half of this thesis describes a method, based on a spatially encoded arrangement for spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SEA-SPIDER). SEA-SPIDER is demonstrated for sub-10fs pulses with a central wavelength near 800nm, a bandwidth over 350nm, and a pulse energy of several nano-Joules. In addition, the pulses exhibit a modulated spectrum and space-time coupling. The spatially-dependent temporal intensity of the pulse is reconstructed and compared to other techniques: interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating (IFROG) and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (SPIDER). SEA-SPIDER will prove useful in both femtoscience, which requires accurate knowledge of the space-time character of few-cycle pulses, and in HHG, which requires the precise knowledge of the driving pulse for seeding into simulations and controlling the generation process itself. Pulses arising from HHG are known to exhibit significant space-time coupling. The second half of this thesis describes how spectral interferometry may be performed to obtain the complete space-time nature of these fields via the use of lateral shearing interferometry. Finally, it is shown, via numerical simulations, how to extend the SPIDER technique for temporal characterisation of XUV pulses from HHG by driving the process with two spectrally-sheared driving pulses. Different experimental configurations and their applicability to different laser systems are discussed. This method recovers the space-time nature of the harmonics in a single shot, thus reducing the stability constraint currently required for photoelectron based techniques and may serve as a complimentary method for studying interactions of XUV attosecond pulses with matter.

Les plus brefs flashs de lumière qui puissent être produits en laboratoire actuellement ont des durées de quelques dizaines d’attosecondes (1 as = 10-18 s), et ne peuvent être créés que dans le domaine extrême-ultraviolet (XUV). Le développement de composants optiques capables de contrôler et de mettre en forme ce rayonnement attoseconde est crucial pour permettre à ces impulsions de se généraliser. Cette thèse porte donc sur l’étude et la réalisation de tels composants.Les impulsions attosecondes ont la particularité de comporter une dérivée de fréquence intrinsèque au processus utilisé pour leur génération. Cela a pour effet d’augmenter leur durée. Nous avons donc développé des miroirs multicouches capables d’induire une dérive de fréquence opposée sur les impulsions s’y réfléchissant, permettant ainsi de les compresser. En caractérisant les impulsions attosecondes réfléchies par ces miroirs, nous avons pour la première fois observé une telle compression des impulsions attosecondes. Nous avons également développé des miroirs multicouches théoriquement capables de compresser des impulsions sous la barre symbolique des 50 as, soit en dessous du record actuel de durée d’une impulsion lumineuse.La mesure de ces impulsions requiert leur focalisation dans un spectromètre. Or les miroirs focalisants généralement utilisés peuvent très rapidement introduire des aberrations géométriques. A l’aide de simulations numériques et d’une étude analytique, nous avons montré que ces aberrations pouvaient très fortement déformer la structure spatio-temporelle des impulsions attosecondes, provoquant une augmentation de leur durée. Enfin, nous avons montré que ces effets n’étaient pas pris en compte par les techniques actuelles de caractérisation d’impulsions attosecondes, cela pouvant amener à mesurer une impulsion attoseconde plus courte qu’elle ne l’est en réalité. / The shortest flashes of light ever produced so far have durations of a few tens of attoseconds (1 as = 10-18 s), and can only be generated in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range (XUV). Developing optical components able to control and shape such attosecond radiation is crucial to generalize the use of these light pulses. This is the topic of this work.Attosecond pulses happen to be chirped due to the physical process used to generate them. This phenomenon leads to an increase in their duration. Consequently, we developed inversely chirped multilayer mirrors, allowing one to compress the pulses during their reflection off the mirrors. By measuring these reflected pulses, we observed for the first time such a compression of attosecond pulses. Moreover, we developed another set of multilayer mirrors theoretically able to compress pulses below 50 as. That is below the current pulse duration record.Furthermore, the measurement of these pulses requires that they be focussed into a spectrometer. However, typically used focusing mirrors can add geometric aberrations. By the use of numerical simulations and thanks to an analytic study, we showed that these aberrations could strongly distort the spatio-temporal structure of the pulses, and increase their duration. Moreover, we showed that this phenomenon was not taken into account by current attosecond pulse characterization techniques. This could lead to determining the pulse duration to be shorter than it actually is.