Os sistemas ópticos atuais, baseados em fibras monomodo, operam próximos ao limite teórico da capacidade. Sistemas ópticos baseados em multiplexação modal (Mode Division Multiplexing – MDM) possibilitam o aumento da capacidade do sistema por meio do uso de fibras de poucos modos. Nestes sistemas, a propriedade de ortogonalidade entre os modos propagantes permite que cada modo espacial carregue um sinal óptico específico. O amplificador à fibra dopada com érbio (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – EDFA) segue fundamental para assegurar a transmissão em longas distâncias. No entanto, devido às distintas distribuições de intensidade dos modos que compõem o sinal de entrada, cada modo experimenta diferentes valores de ganho. Desta forma, o objetivo principal no projeto de EDFAs de poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – FM-EDFA) é determinar os melhores parâmetros opto-geométricos da fibra para produzir uma amplificação eficiente. A metodologia normalmente empregada é baseada na resolução das equações de taxa e de propagação. Nesta tese, é proposta uma metodologia alternativa de projeto de FM-EDFA, baseada em uma nova figura de mérito. Este parâmetro quantifica o nível de inversão da população dos íons na fibra a partir da integral de superposição (overlap integral), considerando tanto o perfil de dopagem da fibra dopada com érbio para poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber – FM-EDF) quanto as distribuições de intensidade dos sinais de entrada e de bombeio. A aplicação desta metodologia permite reduzir, em cerca de 25-40 vezes, o número de resoluções das equações de taxa e de propagação e, consequentemente, diminuir o tempo de processamento e reduzir o esforço computacional. Como consequência da maior velocidade de processamento, torna-se possível a aplicação de métodos de otimização mais rigorosos, permitindo uma busca em um espaço irrestrito de soluções. Especificamente, a partir de uma metodologia baseada em algoritmos genéticos, obteve-se um perfil de dopagem otimizado. É também demonstrado que os perfis com geometria circular exibem melhores características, como excelente desempenho do FM-EDFA e maior facilidade de fabricação. Por meio da análise da figura de mérito, é mostrado que o desempenho do FM-EDFA é afetado pelas características do modo de bombeio. Finalmente, o desempenho de um sistema óptico MDM é avaliado, simulado por meio da integração entre as ferramentas MatLab® e VPItransmissionMakerTM, comprovando a necessidade do projeto de um amplificador específico para sistemas MDM. / Modern optical systems based on single-mode fiber, operate close to the theoretical capacity limit. By using few-mode fibers, optical systems based on modal division multiplexing (MDM) allows increased system capacity. In these systems, orthogonality between the propagating modes allows each spatial mode to carry a specific optical signal. The erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) remains essential to ensure long distance transmission. However, due to the distinct intensity profile distributions of the modes which comprise the input signal, each mode experiences a different value of optical gain. Thus, the main objective in the few-mode EDFA design (FM-EDFA) is to determine the best opto-geometrical fiber parameters in order to produce an efficient amplification. The methodology normally used is based on the simultaneous resolution of the rate and propagation equations. In this thesis, we propose an alternative methodology for the FM-EDFA design, based on a new figure of merit which quantifies the level of population inversion for the Er ions in the fiber, by means of a overlap integral considering both the doping profile of the few-mode erbium doped fiber (FM-EDF) as well as the intensity distributions of the optical signals and pump beams. This methodology reduces, by a factor of 25-40, the number of resolutions of the rate and propagation equations, thereby decreasing processing time and computational effort. As a consequence of the improved processing speed, it becomes possible to apply more rigorous optimization methods in an unrestricted solution space. Specifically, by using a genetic algorithm technique, we obtained an optimized doping profile. It is also shown that profiles with circular geometry exhibit improved features, such as excellent FM-EDFA performance and ease of manufacturing. By analyzing the figure of merit, it is shown that the FM-EDFA performance is affected by the characteristics of the pump mode. Finally, the performance of an MDM optical system is evaluated, by integrating Matlab and VPI simulation tools, to demonstrate the need for specific amplifier designs in MDM systems.

In order to meet the ever-growing demand for mobile data, a number of different technologies have been adopted by the fourth generation standardization bodies. These include multiple access schemes such as spatial division multiple access (SDMA), and efficient modulation techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based modulation. The specific objectives of this theses are to develop an effective feedback method for interference management in smart antenna SDMA systems and to design an efficient OFDM-based modulation technique, where an additional dimension is added to the conventional two-dimensional modulation techniques such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In SDMA time division duplex (TDD) systems, where channel reciprocity is maintained, uplink (UL) channel sounding method is considered as one of the most promising feedback methods due to its bandwidth and delay efficiency. Conventional channel sounding (CCS) only conveys the channel state information (CSI) of each active user to the base station (BS). Due to the limitation in system performance because of co-channel interference (CCI) from adjacent cells in interference-limited scenarios, CSI is only a suboptimal metric for multiuser spatial multiplexing optimization. The first major contribution of this theses is a novel interference feedback method proposed to provide the BS with implicit knowledge about the interference level received by each mobile station (MS). More specifically, it is proposed to weight the conventional channel sounding pilots by the level of the experienced interference at the user’s side. Interference-weighted channel sounding (IWCS) acts as a spectrally efficient feedback technique that provides the BS with implicit knowledge about CCI experienced by each MS, and significantly improves the downlink (DL) sum capacity for both greedy and fair scheduling policies. For the sake of completeness, a novel procedure is developed to make the IWCS pilots usable for UL optimization. It is proposed to divide the optimization metric obtained from the IWCS pilots by the interference experienced at the BS’s antennas. The resultant new metric, the channel gain divided by the multiplication of DL and UL interference, provides link-protection awareness and is used to optimize both UL and DL. Using maximum capacity scheduling criterion, the link-protection aware metric results in a gain in the median system sum capacity of 26.7% and 12.5% in DL and UL respectively compared to the case when conventional channel sounding techniques are used. Moreover, heuristic algorithm has been proposed in order to facilitate a practical optimization and to reduce the computational complexity. The second major contribution of this theses is an innovative transmission approach, referred to as subcarrier-index modulation (SIM), which is proposed to be integrated with OFDM. The key idea of SIM is to employ the subcarrier-index to convey information to the receiver. Furthermore, a closed-form analytical bit error ratio (BER) of SIM OFDM in Rayleigh channel is derived. Simulation results show BER performance gain of 4 dB over 4-QAM OFDM for both coded and uncoded data without power saving policy. Alternatively, power saving policy maintains an average gain of 1 dB while only using half OFDM symbol transmit power.

Os sistemas ópticos atuais, baseados em fibras monomodo, operam próximos ao limite teórico da capacidade. Sistemas ópticos baseados em multiplexação modal (Mode Division Multiplexing – MDM) possibilitam o aumento da capacidade do sistema por meio do uso de fibras de poucos modos. Nestes sistemas, a propriedade de ortogonalidade entre os modos propagantes permite que cada modo espacial carregue um sinal óptico específico. O amplificador à fibra dopada com érbio (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – EDFA) segue fundamental para assegurar a transmissão em longas distâncias. No entanto, devido às distintas distribuições de intensidade dos modos que compõem o sinal de entrada, cada modo experimenta diferentes valores de ganho. Desta forma, o objetivo principal no projeto de EDFAs de poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier – FM-EDFA) é determinar os melhores parâmetros opto-geométricos da fibra para produzir uma amplificação eficiente. A metodologia normalmente empregada é baseada na resolução das equações de taxa e de propagação. Nesta tese, é proposta uma metodologia alternativa de projeto de FM-EDFA, baseada em uma nova figura de mérito. Este parâmetro quantifica o nível de inversão da população dos íons na fibra a partir da integral de superposição (overlap integral), considerando tanto o perfil de dopagem da fibra dopada com érbio para poucos modos (Few-Mode Erbium-Doped Fiber – FM-EDF) quanto as distribuições de intensidade dos sinais de entrada e de bombeio. A aplicação desta metodologia permite reduzir, em cerca de 25-40 vezes, o número de resoluções das equações de taxa e de propagação e, consequentemente, diminuir o tempo de processamento e reduzir o esforço computacional. Como consequência da maior velocidade de processamento, torna-se possível a aplicação de métodos de otimização mais rigorosos, permitindo uma busca em um espaço irrestrito de soluções. Especificamente, a partir de uma metodologia baseada em algoritmos genéticos, obteve-se um perfil de dopagem otimizado. É também demonstrado que os perfis com geometria circular exibem melhores características, como excelente desempenho do FM-EDFA e maior facilidade de fabricação. Por meio da análise da figura de mérito, é mostrado que o desempenho do FM-EDFA é afetado pelas características do modo de bombeio. Finalmente, o desempenho de um sistema óptico MDM é avaliado, simulado por meio da integração entre as ferramentas MatLab® e VPItransmissionMakerTM, comprovando a necessidade do projeto de um amplificador específico para sistemas MDM. / Modern optical systems based on single-mode fiber, operate close to the theoretical capacity limit. By using few-mode fibers, optical systems based on modal division multiplexing (MDM) allows increased system capacity. In these systems, orthogonality between the propagating modes allows each spatial mode to carry a specific optical signal. The erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) remains essential to ensure long distance transmission. However, due to the distinct intensity profile distributions of the modes which comprise the input signal, each mode experiences a different value of optical gain. Thus, the main objective in the few-mode EDFA design (FM-EDFA) is to determine the best opto-geometrical fiber parameters in order to produce an efficient amplification. The methodology normally used is based on the simultaneous resolution of the rate and propagation equations. In this thesis, we propose an alternative methodology for the FM-EDFA design, based on a new figure of merit which quantifies the level of population inversion for the Er ions in the fiber, by means of a overlap integral considering both the doping profile of the few-mode erbium doped fiber (FM-EDF) as well as the intensity distributions of the optical signals and pump beams. This methodology reduces, by a factor of 25-40, the number of resolutions of the rate and propagation equations, thereby decreasing processing time and computational effort. As a consequence of the improved processing speed, it becomes possible to apply more rigorous optimization methods in an unrestricted solution space. Specifically, by using a genetic algorithm technique, we obtained an optimized doping profile. It is also shown that profiles with circular geometry exhibit improved features, such as excellent FM-EDFA performance and ease of manufacturing. By analyzing the figure of merit, it is shown that the FM-EDFA performance is affected by the characteristics of the pump mode. Finally, the performance of an MDM optical system is evaluated, by integrating Matlab and VPI simulation tools, to demonstrate the need for specific amplifier designs in MDM systems.

資訊時代下全球化造成了流動空間的出現，亦促進了網絡社會的崛起；其影響不僅擴及政治、社會、經濟層面，更形成了全球犯罪經濟的現象。臺灣境內詐欺犯罪從過去當面直接接觸，轉為透過電信或網路間接接觸的詐騙形式；在政府的全面查緝及兩岸共同打擊犯罪之下，近年來電信詐欺集團呈現向外擴散跨越國境乃至全球的趨勢。此類全球犯罪網絡的相關實證研究至今仍極為缺乏，因此，本研究旨在討論前述犯罪機會、空間分工及社會網絡如何形成跨境電信詐欺犯罪網絡，及其背後的特殊運作機制。 　　經由文獻探討法、現有資料統計分析法及深度訪談18名受訪者（受刑人11名、偵查人員4名、駐外聯絡官3名），本研究發現犯罪機會同時影響空間分工及社會網絡，這三個重要指標亦型塑了跨境電信詐欺的犯罪網絡。詐欺集團利用各類犯罪機會（犯罪者、標的物、監控缺乏及手法工具的聚合，其中監控包含國家、網路與金融管制層面），結合空間移動、分工與第三地機制，社會網絡強弱連帶與第三方機制，形成特殊運作機制，促使詐欺網絡成為無遠弗屆的全球犯罪體系；核心組成員與第三方既是連結也是斷點的關係，更是其中的運作關鍵。透過此種犯罪網絡分析，可深入瞭解全球跨境犯罪的運作概略，進而形成應對防治作法及刑事政策建議。 / In the Information Age, globalization has brought about the emergence of space of flows and the rise of network society. Its influence not only extends to the political, social, and economic levels, but also forms the global criminal economy. In Taiwan, fraud has occurred from direct contact format (such as face-to-face) to indirect ones (such as via telephones and the Internet). Owing to the government's comprehensive investigation and the cross-strait joint criminal judicial co-operation, the telecoms fraud groups recently have traveled across borders and even to the whole world. As the relevant research based on empirical data is scant, this research aims to discuss how criminal opportunities, spatial division of labor, and social networks construct a cross-border telecommunications fraud criminal network and the special operational mechanism behind it. In this research, I reviewed the relevant literature, analyzed empirical data, and then conducted in-depth interviews with 18 respondents which include 11 prisoners, 4 criminal investigators and 3 police liaison officers. It is concluded that criminal opportunities would influence the spatial division of labor and social networks within criminal groups; these three important indicators formulate the criminal network of cross-border telecommunications fraud. A special operational mechanism combining various criminal opportunities (the convergence of offenders, targets, absence of guardians, and means; in which guardians include the level of national, cyber and financial regulations), spatial mobility and division of labor with the third-place mechanism, and strong and weak ties of social networks with the third-person mechanism, transforms fraud networks into a far-reaching global criminal system. The relationship between core group members and the third-person is not only a link but also a breakpoint, and it is undoubtedly the operational key. Ultimately, this research paints a clear picture of the global criminal networks and thus will possibly benefit the development of future criminal prevention and correction policies.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:試験研究(B)(1) 課題番号:05555158 研究代表者:谷川 恭雄 研究期間:1993-1994年度