My dissertation consists of three essays on lobbying activities by special interest groups. The first paper, "Ex Post Lobbying," systematically documents ex post lobbying, the process by which firms allocate resources during the implementation stage after congressional authorization. Previous theories assume all lobbying is done ex ante, where lobbying activities occur before Congress votes. However, my analysis of over 633,731 lobbying reports demonstrates that almost half of lobbying activity from 1998 to 2012, that targeted specific bills, occurred ex post. I argue that the goal of ex post lobbying is to allow firms to bargain over private benefits that will arise from legislation by targeting regulatory rule-making processes that clarify non-specific parts of bills. Ex post lobbying provides a chance for non-participants in the ex ante lobbying stage to claim their share from government policy.

In this thesis I present my analysis on various aspects of Bluetooth wireless technology. The Bluetooth technology is relatively new as compared to other technologies and there is huge potential of its growth and practical application. Therefore during in this thesis I try to analysis the current status of this technology and issue which are related to this technology. The first section introduces Bluetooth technology, in which I discussed the architecture of Bluetooth and different terminologies of Bluetooth. In the same section I presented the comparison of Bluetooth with other communication technologies. The main questions I hope to answer in this thesis and also discuss the methodology I employed. The subsequent sections discuss the core technical features and issues of security and interoperability of Bluetooth. In these sections I identify the key aspects of Bluetooth that make it standout from other wireless technologies and point out certain shortcomings of this technology. During this I went through different aspect of Bluetooth technology. Subsequently I present my analysis of the market player’s and user’s perspectives and identify the main drivers and barriers of Bluetooth from a business point of view. Towards the end of this thesis I discuss how this technology can be used to provide some attractive solutions. I demonstrate my ideas by discussing how certain services can be used in future in different scenarios. In my proposed solution I discussed the possibilities and advantages of using Bluetooth technology in university campus to perform different routine tasks and this will beneficial for the university both student and teachers. Keywords: Personal Area Networks, Asynchronous connection Link, Ultra Wide Band, Special Interest group, Bluetooth Technology / Malik Zaka Ullah Phone # 0092 301 8460404,0046738746534 Email : malikzakas@hotmail.com