While the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized the treatment of male infertility, concerns have been raised regarding the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies derived from ICSI. Studies on sperm from infertile men have suggested that this population may produce higher rates of aneuploid sperm. Thus, we hypothesized that defects in early meiotic events may contribute to both male infertility and the production of aneuploid sperm. We used immunofluorescent techniques to observe the synapsis and recombination of chromosomes during meiosis, and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to assess sperm aneuploidy. We analyzed testicular tissue from thirty-one men (10 fertile and 21 infertile men). We observed that ~36% (5/14) of men with impaired spermatogenesis displayed reduced genome-wide recombination. When all men were pooled, we observed an inverse correlation between the frequency of sex chromosome recombination and XY disomy in the sperm. We combined immunofluorescent and FISH techniques to study recombination patterns on chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in fifteen men (5 fertile and 10 infertile men). Four of the infertile men displayed altered recombination distributions on at least one of the chromosome arms studied. Finally, we examined early meiotic events in two biopsies from an azoospermic t(8;13) carrier. While global recombination rates were not altered, recombination frequencies were reduced specifically on the rearranged chromosomes. Asynapsed quadrivalents were observed in 90% and 87% of pachytene nuclei from the first and second biopsies, respectively, and were frequently associated with the sex chromosomes. BRCA1 and γH2AX, two proteins implicated in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, localized along asynapsed regions regardless of whether or not they were associated with the sex chromosomes, suggesting that regions of autosomal chromosomes that fail to synapse undergo transcriptional silencing in humans. In summary, we observed that a subset of infertile men display alterations in the number and position of meiotic crossovers, which may contribute to both infertility and an increased risk of sperm aneuploidy. The fidelity of synapsis is also a critical factor in determining the outcome of gametogenesis in humans, as the transcriptional inactivation of asynapsed regions may silence meiotic genes, leading to meiotic arrest and infertility.

While the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized the treatment of male infertility, concerns have been raised regarding the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies derived from ICSI. Studies on sperm from infertile men have suggested that this population may produce higher rates of aneuploid sperm. Thus, we hypothesized that defects in early meiotic events may contribute to both male infertility and the production of aneuploid sperm. We used immunofluorescent techniques to observe the synapsis and recombination of chromosomes during meiosis, and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to assess sperm aneuploidy. We analyzed testicular tissue from thirty-one men (10 fertile and 21 infertile men). We observed that ~36% (5/14) of men with impaired spermatogenesis displayed reduced genome-wide recombination. When all men were pooled, we observed an inverse correlation between the frequency of sex chromosome recombination and XY disomy in the sperm. We combined immunofluorescent and FISH techniques to study recombination patterns on chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in fifteen men (5 fertile and 10 infertile men). Four of the infertile men displayed altered recombination distributions on at least one of the chromosome arms studied. Finally, we examined early meiotic events in two biopsies from an azoospermic t(8;13) carrier. While global recombination rates were not altered, recombination frequencies were reduced specifically on the rearranged chromosomes. Asynapsed quadrivalents were observed in 90% and 87% of pachytene nuclei from the first and second biopsies, respectively, and were frequently associated with the sex chromosomes. BRCA1 and γH2AX, two proteins implicated in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, localized along asynapsed regions regardless of whether or not they were associated with the sex chromosomes, suggesting that regions of autosomal chromosomes that fail to synapse undergo transcriptional silencing in humans. In summary, we observed that a subset of infertile men display alterations in the number and position of meiotic crossovers, which may contribute to both infertility and an increased risk of sperm aneuploidy. The fidelity of synapsis is also a critical factor in determining the outcome of gametogenesis in humans, as the transcriptional inactivation of asynapsed regions may silence meiotic genes, leading to meiotic arrest and infertility.

While the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized the treatment of male infertility, concerns have been raised regarding the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnancies derived from ICSI. Studies on sperm from infertile men have suggested that this population may produce higher rates of aneuploid sperm. Thus, we hypothesized that defects in early meiotic events may contribute to both male infertility and the production of aneuploid sperm. We used immunofluorescent techniques to observe the synapsis and recombination of chromosomes during meiosis, and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to assess sperm aneuploidy. We analyzed testicular tissue from thirty-one men (10 fertile and 21 infertile men). We observed that ~36% (5/14) of men with impaired spermatogenesis displayed reduced genome-wide recombination. When all men were pooled, we observed an inverse correlation between the frequency of sex chromosome recombination and XY disomy in the sperm. We combined immunofluorescent and FISH techniques to study recombination patterns on chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in fifteen men (5 fertile and 10 infertile men). Four of the infertile men displayed altered recombination distributions on at least one of the chromosome arms studied. Finally, we examined early meiotic events in two biopsies from an azoospermic t(8;13) carrier. While global recombination rates were not altered, recombination frequencies were reduced specifically on the rearranged chromosomes. Asynapsed quadrivalents were observed in 90% and 87% of pachytene nuclei from the first and second biopsies, respectively, and were frequently associated with the sex chromosomes. BRCA1 and γH2AX, two proteins implicated in meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, localized along asynapsed regions regardless of whether or not they were associated with the sex chromosomes, suggesting that regions of autosomal chromosomes that fail to synapse undergo transcriptional silencing in humans. In summary, we observed that a subset of infertile men display alterations in the number and position of meiotic crossovers, which may contribute to both infertility and an increased risk of sperm aneuploidy. The fidelity of synapsis is also a critical factor in determining the outcome of gametogenesis in humans, as the transcriptional inactivation of asynapsed regions may silence meiotic genes, leading to meiotic arrest and infertility. / Medicine, Faculty of / Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of / Graduate