Bibliography: l. 280-333. This study investigates the osteometry and variation of the human spine. 348 human skeletons dating from 28,000 B.C. to the mid-20th century A.D. from 24 sites mainly in Switzerland and Southern Germany, and without macroscopic pathology, were measured with a caliper. The samples showed a microevolutionary increase in most of the spinal variables. As both mean values and standard deviations increased, this higher intra-group variability could be explained to be a result of relaxed natural selection. Various environmental or genetic factors could explain the short-term alteration of the spinal osteometry. The relative smaller size and decrease with age of the bony outline of the neural pathways in males could explain their high vulnerability to modern lower back pathologies.