La thèse traite du problème de la reconnaissance des gestes avec des accents particuliers orientés vers la modélisation des trajectoires de mouvement ainsi que vers l’estimation de la variabilité présente dans l’exécution gestuelle. Les gestes sont acquis dans un scénario typique pour la vision par ordinateur qui approche les particularités des surfaces interactives. On propose un modèle flexible pour les commandes gestuelles à partir d’une représentation par courbes splines et des analogies avec des éléments de la théorie d’élasticité de la physique classique. On utilise les propriétés du modèle pour la reconnaissance des gestes dans un contexte d’apprentissage supervisé. Pour adresser le problème de la variation présente dans l’exécution des gestes, on propose un modèle qui mesure dans une manière quantitative et objective les tendances locales que les utilisateurs sont tentés d'introduire dans leurs exécutions. On utilise ce modèle pour proposer une solution à un problème reconnu comme difficile dans la communauté : la segmentation automatique des trajectoires continues de mouvement et l’identification invariante a l’échelle des commands gestuelles. On démontre aussi l’efficacité du modèle pour effectuer des analyses de type ergonomique pour les dictionnaires de gestes. / We address in this thesis the problem of gesture recognition with specific focus on providing a flexible model for movement trajectories as well as for estimating the variation in execution that is inherently present when performing gestures. Gestures are captured in a computer vision scenario which approaches somewhat the specifics of interactive surfaces. We propose a flexible model for gesture commands based on a spline representation which is enhanced with elastic properties in a direct analogy with the theory of elasticity from classical physics. The model is further used for achieving gesture recognition in the context of supervised learning. In order to address the problem of variability in execution, we propose a model that measures objectively and quantitatively the local tendencies that users introduce in their executions. We make use of this model in order to address a problem that is considered hard by the community: automatic segmentation of continuous motion trajectories and scale invariant identification of gesture commands. We equally show the usefulness of our model for performing ergonomic analysis on gesture dictionaries.

Turbulent phenomena are found in both natural (e.g. the Earth's oceans, the Sun's corona) and artificial (e.g. flows through pipes, the plasma in a tokamak device) settings; evidence suggests that turbulence is usually the normal behaviour in most cases. Turbulence has been studied extensively for more than a century, but a complete and consistent theoretical description of it has not yet been proposed. It is in this context that the motion of particles under the influence of turbulent fields is studied in this work, with direct numerical simulations. The thesis is structured in three main parts. The first part describes the tools that are used. Methods of integrating particle trajectories are presented, together with a discussion of the properties that these methods should have. The simulation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is discussed, while also introducing fundamental concepts of fluid turbulence. Particle trajectory integration requires information that is not readily available from simulations of turbulent flows, so the interpolation methods needed to adapt the fluid simulation results are constructed as well. The second part is dedicated to the study of two MHD problems. Simulations of Kolmogorov flow in incompressible MHD are presented and discussed, and also simulations of the dynamo effect in compressible MHD. These two scenarios are chosen because large scale structures are formed spontaneously by the turbulent flow, and there is an interest in studying particle transport in the presence of structures. Studies of particle transport are discussed in the third part. The properties of the overall approach are first analyzed in detail, for stationary predefined fields. Focus is placed on the qualitative properties of the different methods presented. Charged article transport in frozen turbulent fields is then studied. Results concerning transport of particles in fully developed, time-evolving, turbulent fields are presented in the final chapter.<p><p><p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished