This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

M.S.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009. / Title from PDF title page; viewed on June 11, 2009. "May 2009." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Agriculture with specialization in Plant Protection Science." "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." Major professor: Terry L. Vassey, Ph.D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also available on microfiche.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 madureira_rp_me_botfca.pdf: 401122 bytes, checksum: 27d86707742c65e49ff5859c9b851b37 (MD5) / Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados durante a pulverização dos produtos fitossanitários é a ocorrência de deriva. Considerada uma das principais formas de perda em pulverização, a deriva pode ocasionar prejuízos a culturas adjacentes sensíveis, redução da eficácia bem como a contaminação do ambiente. Com os objetivos de estudar o efeito de pontas de pulverização e a adição de adjuvantes no potencial risco de deriva (PRD) da pulverização bem como o efeito desses produtos sobre a tensão superficial e ângulo de contato de gotas das caldas aquosas com a superfície vegetal, três experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em túnel de vento avaliando o PRD de pontas associadas a caldas contendo ou não adjuvantes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram quatro tipos de calda (água, água + surfatante organosiliconado, água + polímero vegetal e água + éster metilado de óleo de soja) combinados a duas pontas de pulverização de energia hidráulica (Jato plano simples com indução de ar e Jato plano inclinado). O segundo experimento foi realizado utilizando o mesmo delineamento e tratamentos do primeiro experimento para avaliação do espectro de gotas. O último experimento constitui da avaliação da cinética da tensão superficial e ângulo de contato da gota com a superfície foliar de plantas de algodão. Houve efeito dos tipos de pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes sobre o PRD. A ponta jato plano simples com indução de ar, proporcionou menor PRD. A combinação da ponta de jato plano simples com indução de ar com o adjuvante a base de um polímero vegetal foi o tratamento que proporcionou menor PRD. Com relação ao... / One of the biggest problems faced during spraying of pesticides is the drift occurrence. Considered one of the main forms of loss the spray drift can cause damage to sensitive crops, as well as environmental contamination. With the aim of study the effect of spray nozzles and the adjuvants addition on the potential risk of drift (PRD) spraying. As the interference of adjuvants on water solution surface tension and contact angle under foliar surface three experiments were conducted in laboratory. The first experiment was carried out in a wind tunnel to evaluate the potential risk of drift tips using two nozzles combined at water solutions with or without adjuvants. The experimental design was completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were four types of solutions (water, water + surfactant, water + polymer and water + soybean oil vegetable) combined with two spray nozzles flat fan nozzle with air induction and flat fan nozzle with angled jet). The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the droplet spectrum, using the same design and treatments in the first experiment. The let last experiment evaluated the kinetics of surface tension and contact angle of the drop with the leaf surface of cotton plants. There was an effect of flat flan nozzle with spray nozzles types and adjuvants on the potential risk of drift (PRD). The flat flan nozzle with air induction resulted in a smaller percentage of PRD. The combination of flat flan nozzle air induction and adjuvant polymer based PRD provided the lowest percentage. After droplet spectrum analysis can be verified that the flat fan nozzle with air induction promoted the bigger VMD. This spray nozzle combined with adjuvant polymer based achieved the highest VMD value. For the kinetics of surface tension the aqueous solution containing the organosilicone adjuvant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Banca: Marco Antonio Gandolfo / Banca: Otavio Jorge Grigoli Abi Saab / Banca: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a interferência de três tipos de formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas na tensão superficial, viscosidade e espectro de gotas de caldas de pulverização. O experimento foi conduzido na forma de um fatorial 2 x 3, duas classes de produtos fitossanitários e três tipos de formulações, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Quando recomendados em bula, adjuvantes foram adicionados às caldas de pulverização, sendo analisados separadamente daqueles tratamentos sem adjuvantes. Cada tipo de formulação foi representado por cinco produtos comerciais. As formulações utilizadas foram concentrado emulsionável (EC), suspensão concentrada (SC) e granulado dispersível (WG). As concentrações das caldas foram simuladas para uma taxa de aplicação de 50 L ha-1 e as pulverizações foram realizadas utilizando-se a ponta XR 8003VS, na pressão de 200 kPa. A formulação WG resultou nos maiores valores de tensão superficial (TS) e percentual do volume aplicado composto por gotas menores do que 100 µm (%<100 µm), e os menores valores de diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV). O acréscimo de adjuvantes à base de óleo mineral e vegetal aumentou o DMV e reduziu a amplitude relativa do espectro de gotas (AR), TS e o %<100 µm comparado aos mesmos tratamentos sem adjuvantes. A formação de emulsões, decorrentes do uso dos adjuvantes ou de formulações EC, foi mais eficaz em reduzir o %<100 µm, AR e a TS e em aumentar o DMV do que aquelas que formaram dispersõ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of tree types of formulations of insecticides and fungicides on surface tension, viscosity, and droplet size spectra of spray solutions. It was conducted in a 2 x 3 factorial design, two classes of pesticides and tree types of formulations, in a completely randomized experiment. When it was prescribed on the label, adjuvants were mixed on the spray solution, but these treatments were analyzed apart from those without adjuvants. Each type of formulation was represented by five commercial products. The selected formulations types were emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC) and water dispersible granules (WG). The concentrations of the spray solutions were calculated supposing a spray rate of 50 L ha-1 and the applications were done using a XR 8003VS nozzle, at operating pressure of 200 kPa. The WG formulation resulted on the highest surface tension (ST) and percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm (%<100 µm), and the lowest volume median diameter (VMD). The use of mineral and vegetal oils increased the VMD and decreased the relative Span, ST and %<100 µm, compared with the respective treatments without adjuvants. The formation of emulsions, resulted from using the adjuvants or EC formulations, on the spray solutions were more efficient on decreasing the %<100 µm, RS, and ST, and on increasing VMD than those formulations that resulted on the formation of dispersions, represented by WG and SC formu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Banca: Marco Antonio Gandolfo / Resumo: Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados durante a pulverização dos produtos fitossanitários é a ocorrência de deriva. Considerada uma das principais formas de perda em pulverização, a deriva pode ocasionar prejuízos a culturas adjacentes sensíveis, redução da eficácia bem como a contaminação do ambiente. Com os objetivos de estudar o efeito de pontas de pulverização e a adição de adjuvantes no potencial risco de deriva (PRD) da pulverização bem como o efeito desses produtos sobre a tensão superficial e ângulo de contato de gotas das caldas aquosas com a superfície vegetal, três experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em túnel de vento avaliando o PRD de pontas associadas a caldas contendo ou não adjuvantes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram quatro tipos de calda (água, água + surfatante organosiliconado, água + polímero vegetal e água + éster metilado de óleo de soja) combinados a duas pontas de pulverização de energia hidráulica (Jato plano simples com indução de ar e Jato plano inclinado). O segundo experimento foi realizado utilizando o mesmo delineamento e tratamentos do primeiro experimento para avaliação do espectro de gotas. O último experimento constitui da avaliação da cinética da tensão superficial e ângulo de contato da gota com a superfície foliar de plantas de algodão. Houve efeito dos tipos de pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes sobre o PRD. A ponta jato plano simples com indução de ar, proporcionou menor PRD. A combinação da ponta de jato plano simples com indução de ar com o adjuvante a base de um polímero vegetal foi o tratamento que proporcionou menor PRD. Com relação ao... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the biggest problems faced during spraying of pesticides is the drift occurrence. Considered one of the main forms of loss the spray drift can cause damage to sensitive crops, as well as environmental contamination. With the aim of study the effect of spray nozzles and the adjuvants addition on the potential risk of drift (PRD) spraying. As the interference of adjuvants on water solution surface tension and contact angle under foliar surface three experiments were conducted in laboratory. The first experiment was carried out in a wind tunnel to evaluate the potential risk of drift tips using two nozzles combined at water solutions with or without adjuvants. The experimental design was completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were four types of solutions (water, water + surfactant, water + polymer and water + soybean oil vegetable) combined with two spray nozzles flat fan nozzle with air induction and flat fan nozzle with angled jet). The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the droplet spectrum, using the same design and treatments in the first experiment. The let last experiment evaluated the kinetics of surface tension and contact angle of the drop with the leaf surface of cotton plants. There was an effect of flat flan nozzle with spray nozzles types and adjuvants on the potential risk of drift (PRD). The flat flan nozzle with air induction resulted in a smaller percentage of PRD. The combination of flat flan nozzle air induction and adjuvant polymer based PRD provided the lowest percentage. After droplet spectrum analysis can be verified that the flat fan nozzle with air induction promoted the bigger VMD. This spray nozzle combined with adjuvant polymer based achieved the highest VMD value. For the kinetics of surface tension the aqueous solution containing the organosilicone adjuvant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various studies revealed that Botrytis cinerea, the causal pathogen of Botrytis bunch rot, is mostly associated with pedicels, rachises, laterals and berry bases, and not with berry skins as previously understood. Provided that sufficient coverage of inner bunch parts was achieved, laboratory studies have shown that fungicides can effectively reduce the amount of B. cinerea at the various positions in bunches, and prevent infection and symptom expression at all growth stages. The same efficacy was, however, not achieved with the same fungicides when using conventional spraying methods in vineyards. Poor disease control on fruit and leaves in vineyards is attributed to inappropriate timing of fungicide applications and/or insufficient coverage of susceptible tissue. Previously, spray coverage evaluations in South Africa were based on the use of water-sensitive cards. A variety of other methods have been used to assess spray coverage in vineyards, but none of these methods could assess spray deposits on a very small, three-dimensional area of interest such as the susceptible grape bunch parts. The methods were furthermore dependent on human objectivity, which lacks quantitative measuring and speed of measurement. Suitable technology to determine spray coverage on susceptible bunch parts is, therefore, not available. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol to visualise and quantify spray deposits in grape bunches, specifically on the inner bunch parts and to use the protocol to determine the effect of different levels of spray cover on artificially inoculated B. cinerea grape bunches, in order to facilitate future determination of minimum effective coverage levels for effective B. cinerea control. A spray coverage assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analyses was developed to measure spray coverage on susceptible grape bunch parts. Among several fluorescent pigments tested, a yellow fluorescent pigment (SARDI Fluorescent Pigment) from Australia was selected on the basis of its small particle size (2.45 - 4.90 μm). Bunches were sprayed at pea size and bunch closure with different volumes of a mixture of fenhexamid and the yellow fluorescent pigment. Sprayed parts from bunches were illuminated under black light (UV-A light in the 365 nm region) and visualised under a stereo microscope at 20 x magnification. Photos of the berry skin, pedicel and rachis were taken with a digital camera (Nikon DMX 1200). Image analysis of photos was done with Image- Pro Discovery version 4.5 for Windows (Media Cybernetics) software. The total area of deposited pigment in selected areas of interest (AOI) was calculated. The percentage area covered was subsequently calculated for each AOI. Good correlation was evident between the parameters, sum of objects and percentage area covered. Bunch parts at pea size generally had higher coverage values than at bunch closure. Spray applications earlier in the season would therefore result in higher and more effective spray coverage of the susceptible bunch parts. Similar deposition trends were observed on the inner bunch parts (pedicel and rachis). These were, however, significantly different from berry skins, which had significantly higher levels of spray deposits than the inner bunch parts. The variance component analysis indicated that the highest variance was observed for berries and bunches, and substantially less for image readings. For the same accuracy, means for percentage coverage values of at least 10 bunches per treatment (1 part per bunch and 3 readings per part) will be sufficient. In order to determine the biological efficacy of different levels of spray coverage on B. cinerea incidence on grape bunches, bunches were sprayed at pea size and bunch closure with different volumes of a mixture of fenhexamid and a yellow fluorescent pigment and the percentage fluorescent pigment coverage on pedicels was determine. Bunches were subsequently dusted with dry airborne conidia of B. cinerea in a settling tower and incubated for 24 h at high relative humidity (98%). Infection was determined by estimating the amount of B. cinerea infections occurring on sprayed bunch parts with isolations on to paraquat and Kerssies mediums. Linear regressions for the part x stage combinations of percentage B. cinerea incidence on different bunch parts were fitted on mean coverage levels. An increase in spray cover caused linear reductions in levels of B. cinerea on susceptible bunch parts. Higher B. cinerea incidences were recorded at pea size. Furthermore, higher B. cinerea incidences were found on paraquat medium for both stages, than on Kerrsies medium. The information gathered from this study will be used to facilitate future determination of minimum effective coverage levels for effective B. cinerea control in grape bunches. In these validation experiments, the results clearly showed that the protocol can be used to determine the effect of different levels of spray coverage on B. cinerea incidence and that an increase in spray coverage will decrease B. cinerea incidence. The information gathered from this study will be used to facilitate future determination of minimum effective coverage levels for effective B. cinerea control in grape bunches and subsequently be used as benchmarks to evaluate spray application in vineyards. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vaalvrot by wingerde word veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea. Verskeie studies het getoon/gewys dat die oorsaaklike patogeen meestal geassosieer word met die pedisel, ragis, laterale en die korrelbasis, en nie met die korrelskil soos voorheen beweer nie. Laboratorium studies het getoon dat swamdoders wel effektief is om B. cinerea by alle trosdele te verminder en simptoomontwikkeling te voorkom tydens alle groeistadia, mits die binne-trosdele voldoende spuit bedekking ontvang het. Dieselfde effektiwiteit is egter nie gevind in wingerde met konvensionele spuittegnieke nie. Onvoldoende siektebeheer van vrugte en blare van wingerde kan toegeskryf word aan verkeerde spuit skedulering en/of swak spuitbedekking van vatbare gasheerweefsel. Evaluering van spuitbedekking is voorheen in Suid Afrika deur middel van water-sensitiewe papier gedoen. Verskeie ander metodes is al gebruik om spuitbedekking te evalueer in wingerde, maar nie een van hierdie metodes kan gebruik word om spuitbedekking op ’n baie klein, drie-dimensionele oppervlak, soos die vatbare trosdele, te evalueer nie. Verder was die tegnieke afhanklik van menslike objektiwiteit, en gevolglik ontbreek kwantitatiewe meting en metingspoed. Daar is dus nie geskikte tegnologie vir die evaluering van spuitbedekking op vatbare trosdele nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van ‘n protokol vir die visualisering en kwantifisering van spuitbedekking op spesifiek die binne-tros dele en om die protokol dan te gebruik om die effek van verskillende vlakke van spuitbedekking op B. cinereageinokuleerde druiwetrosse te bepaal, Protokol vir evaluasie van spuitbedekking op vatbare druifdele is ontwikkel deur gebruik te maak van fluorometrie, fotomikrografie en digitale beeldanalise. Van die verskillende fluoresensie pigmente wat getoets is, is ‘n geel flouresensie pigment (SARDI Flourescent Pigment) van Australië gekies op grond van sy klein partikelgrootte (2.45 - 4.90 μm). Druiwetrosse is gespuit tydens ertjie- en trostoemaakstadia met verskillende volumes van ’n mengsel van fenheksamied en die geel fluorosensie pigment. Die gespuite druifdele is dan verlig onder swartlig buise (UV-A lig in die 365 nm spektrum) en gevisualiseer deur ’n stereo mikroskoop by 20x vergroting. Foto’s van die korrelskil, pedisel en ragis is met ‘n digitale kamera (Nikon DMX 1200) geneem. Beeldanalise is gedoen met ImagePro Discovery weergawe 4.5 vir Windows (Media Cybernetics) sagteware. Die totale area neerslag van die pigment is in geselekteerde areas bereken. Die presentasie area bedek is bereken vir elkeen van hierdie areas. Goeie korrelasie is gevind tussen die parameters aantal fluoresserende partikels en die persentasie bedekte area. Trosdele tydens ertjie-stadium het in die algemeen hoër waardes gehad as by trostoemaak. Dit blyk dus dat spuittoediening vroeg in die seisoen meer effektief sal wees vir die bedekking van vatbare trosdele. Soortgelyke bedekkings patrone is gevind by die binne trosdele (pedisel en ragis). Dit het egter betekenisvol verskil van die korrelskil, wat betekenisvol meer spuitbedekking as die binne trosdele gehad het. ’n Variasie komponent analise het getoon dat die meeste variasie gevind is tussen korrels en trosse, en heelwat minder vir die beeld analise lesings. Om dieselfde akkuraatheid te behou, is ten minste 10 trosse per behandeling (1 deel per tros en 3 lesings per deel) nodig. Vir die bepaling van biologiese effektiwiteit van verskillende vlakke van spuitbedekking op B. cinerea voorkoms op druiwe, is druiwe gespuit tydens ertjie- en trostoemaak-stadia met verskillende volumes van ’n mengsel van fenheksamied en die geel fluorosensie pigment. Die persentasie fluoresensie pigment is bepaal op die pedisels. Trosse is vervolgens geinokuleer met droë luggedraagde konidia van B. cinerea in ’n inokulasietoring en geïnkubeer vir 24 h by hoë relatiewe humiditeit (98%). Die voorkoms van B. cinerea infeksie op gespuite tros dele is bepaal deur middel van isolasies op paraquat en Kerssies medium. Liniêre regressies vir trosdeel x stadium kombinasies van persentasie B. cinerea voorkoms op verskillende trosdele is gepas vir gemiddelde bedekkings waardes. ’n Verhoging in spuit bedekking het ‘n liniêre vermindering van B. cinerea voorkoms op vatbare trosdele veroorsaak. Verder is hoër vlakke van B. cinerea op paraquat medium as op Kerssies medium vir beide die groeistadia gevind. Die kennis wat verkry is uit hierdie studie sal gebruik word om minimum effektiewe spuitbedekkingsvlakke vir die beheer van B. cinerea op druiwetrosse te bepaal.

No sistema alternativo de produção, a utilização de agentes de controle biológico pode ocorrer conjuntamente com o uso de produtos naturais. Contudo, as informações a respeito do efeito de produtos naturais sobre agentes de controle biológico são escassas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Isaria sp. com produtos naturais utilizados no sistema alternativo de produção, bem como a seletividade destes ao parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Para isto foram utilizados os isolados B. bassiana e Isaria sp. e, os produtos naturais Topneem, Baicao, Orobor®, Compostonat e Rotenat, nas concentrações recomendada pelo fabricante (CR), na metade (½CR) e no dobro desta (2CR). Para a avaliação da compatibilidade entre os produtos naturais e os fungos entomopatogênicos foram analisados os parâmetros: germinação, unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC), crescimento vegetativo e número de conídios por colônia. A associação dos produtos naturais com os fungos (B. bassiana e Isaria sp.) foi avaliada quanto a patogenicidade sobre lagartas de 3º ínstar de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), na concentração de 1,0 X 108 con./mL. Foi avaliada diariamente a mortalidade de A. kuehniella, por um período de 10 dias. Para avaliar a seletividade dos produtos naturais a T. pretiosum estes foram pulverizados sobre ovos de A. kuehniella disponibilizados para o parasitismo por T. pretiosum. Para isto foram realizados dois testes: (a) com chance de escolha, avaliando-se a porcentagem de ovos parasitados por T. pretiosum quando este pode escolher entre ovos pulverizados com o produto ou pulverizados com a testemunha; e (b) sem chance de escolha, que consistiu em pulverizar os ovos de A. kuehniella com os produtos naturais previamente ou posteriormente ao parasitismo. Avaliou-se o número de ovos parasitados, porcentagem de emergência, longevidade e duração do período ovo-adulto. Verificou-se que para o fungo Isaria sp. a germinação foi afetada apenas pelo produto Compostonat. As UFCs não foram afetadas pelo produto Rotenat. Para a produção de conídios os produtos Topneem, Rotenat e Baicao reduziram este parâmetro. Já para o fungo B. bassiana a germinação de conídios foi reduzida apenas pelo Orobor®. Os produtos Orobor® e Baicao reduziram o diâmetro de colônia. Para a produção de conídios por colônia, todos os produtos reduziram este parâmetro. No entanto, os produtos não afetaram a patogenicidade dos fungos sobre A. kuehniella. Para a seletividade a T. pretiosum os produtos Baicao e Topneem afetaram negativamente o parasitismo para o teste com chance de escolha, como para o teste sem chance de escolha. Para a emergência apenas o produto Baicao afetou este parâmetro. Conclui-se que os produtos naturais testados, apesar de interferirem sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos dos fungos Isaria sp. e B. bassiana, se mostraram compatíveis em todas as concentrações. Os produtos naturais Orobor® e Topneem são seletivos ao parasitoide T. pretiosum. Já o produto natural Baicao foi classificado como levemente nocivo quanto à toxicidade a adultos do parasitoide. / In alternative system for production, the use of biological control agents may occur together with the use of natural products. However, information about the effect of natural products on biological control agents are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Isaria sp. with natural products used in alternative system of production as well as the selectivity of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). For this we used the strains B. bassiana and Isaria sp. and natural products Topneem, Baicao, Orobor®, Compostonat and Rotenat at concentrations recommended by the manufacturer (CR), half (½ CR) and double this one (2CR). To evaluate the compatibility between natural products and entomopathogenic fungi were analyzed parameters: germination, colony forming units (CFU), vegetative growth and number of conidia per colony. The association of natural products with fungi (B. bassiana and Isaria sp.) was evaluated for pathogenicity on the 3rd instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a concentration of 1.0 X 108 con./mL. was evaluated daily mortality of A. kuehniella, for a period of 10 days. To evaluate the selectivity of natural products to T. pretiosum these were sprayed on eggs of A. kuehniella available for parasitism by T. pretiosum. For this two tests were performed: (a) free choice, by assessing the percentage of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum when it can choose from eggs sprayed with the product or sprayed with the witness, and (b) no choice, which consisted of spraying the eggs of A. kuehniella with natural products previously or subsequently to parasitism. We evaluated the number of eggs parasitized, percentage of emergence, longevity and duration of the egg-adult. It was found that for the fungus Isaria sp. germination was affected only by the product Compostonat. The UFCs were not affected by the product Rotenat. For conidia production Topneem products, Rotenat and Baicao reduced this parameter. As for the fungus B. bassiana conidial germination was reduced by only Orobor®. Orobor® products and Baicao reduced the diameter of the colony. For conidia production per colony, all products have reduced this parameter. However, the products did not affect the pathogenicity of the fungus on A. kuehniella. Selectivity for the T. pretiosum products and Baicao Topneem negatively affected parasitism for the free-choice test, how to test no choice. For emergency only product Baicao affected this parameter. It is concluded that natural products tested, although on some biological parameters interfere fungi Isaria sp. and B. bassiana, proved compatible in all concentrations. Natural products Orobor® and Topneem are selective to the parasitoid T. pretiosum. Already Baicao the natural product was classified as slightly harmful for toxicity to the parasitoid adults.

Thesis (PhD(Agric)(Botany and Zoology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / Copper oxychloride (Cu2CI(OH)3) is a broad-spectrum fungicide, intensively sprayed in many South African vineyards and orchards. It is necessary to find accurate and effective methods of monitoring the effects of this fungicide on the biota of the agricultural environment. The use of biomarkers may be a possible method to employ for this purpose. This study investigated the effects of copper, as a result of copper oxychloride exposure, on the biology of the common garden snail Helix aspersa, as welI as a number of cellular responses to exposure to the fungicide. The possible use ofthese responses as biomarkers was also investigated. Two groups of snails were exposed to 80 and 240 tJg g-! copper oxychloride respectively, for six weeks. A third group served as control. On a weekly basis, body mass, number of eggs produced, neutral red retention (NNR) times of haemocytic lysosomes, and body copper concentrations were determined for each individual. At the end of the experiment, the digestive glands, ovotestes and hermaphrodite ducts of a number of snails were prepared for histological analysis. The following parameters were investigated: tubule area, epithelium height and area in the digestive gland, spermatozoan area in the vesicula seminalis and ovotestis, as wen as oocyte numbers in the ovotestis. To test the validity of the laboratory results, a field survey was conducted. Snails were colIected from an uncontaminated vineyard and on two occasions from a contaminated vineyard in the Western Cape. The same cellular responses were investigated as in the laboratory study. The results showed that growth, egg production and hatching success in Helix aspersa were affected by experimental exposure to copper oxychloride. In both the laboratory study and field survey, copper in the body of H. aspersa was shown to be compartmentalized and the digestive gland was the most important site of copper accumulation. NNR times of haemocytic Iysosomes were shown to be affected by copper oxychloride exposure, already during the first week of exposure. A time evolution of copper accumulation and lysosomal damage existed. Epithelium height and area of digestive gland tubules, and spermatozoan and oocyte densities in the ovotestis, were also affected by copper oxychloride exposure and the concomitant copper burdens in the respective organs. Through the field survey it was ascertained that these histopathological changes were largely dependent on exposure time. It was concluded that lysosomal response of H. aspersa haemocytes, as measured by the NNR time assay, could be considered a useful biomarker of copper oxychloride exposure, since it provides an early warning of stress induced by this fungicide. Changes in digestive gland epithelium cells, and gametes in the ovotestis, can also possibly serve as biomarkers of copper oxychloride exposure. However, these can not serve as an early warning. All of the cellular responses identified in the present study can be used in combination with other cellular and physiological parameters and toxicological endpoints in order to improve the reliability and accuracy of interpretations regarding cause and effect.